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Quantum Cryptographic Protocol
Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are used in quantum key distribution. The first protocol of that kind was BB84, introduced in 1984 by Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard. After that, many other protocols have been defined. List of quantum key distribution protocols * BB84 (1984) is a quantum key distribution scheme that allows two parties to securely communicate a private key for use in one-time pad encryption using the quantum property that information gain is only possible at the expense of disturbing the signal if the two states one is trying to distinguish are not orthogonal and an authenticated public classical channel. * E91 protocol (1991) is a quantum cryptography method that uses entangled pairs of photons to generate keys for secure communication, with the ability to detect any attempts at eavesdropping by an external party through the violation of Bell's Theorem and the preservation of perfect correlation between the measurements of the two parties. * B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Key Distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that implements a cryptographic protocol involving components of quantum mechanics. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which then can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. The process of quantum key distribution is not to be confused with quantum cryptography, as it is the best-known example of a quantum-cryptographic task. An important and unique property of quantum key distribution is the ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of the key. This results from a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics: the process of measuring a quantum system in general disturbs the system. A third party trying to eavesdrop on the key must in some way measure it, thus introducing detectable anomalies. By using quantum superpositions or quantum entanglement and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DPS Protocol
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HDQKD
High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HDQKD) is a technology for secure communication between two parties. It allows for higher information efficiency than traditional binary quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, which are limited to 1 bit/photon. HDQKD also exhibits higher resilience to noise, enabling lower signal-to-noise ratios and longer transmission distances. Implementation One way to implement HDQKD is by using space division multiplexing technology and encoding quantum information in the spatial dimension, such as with optical angular momentum (OAM) modes. While OAM modes have been demonstrated for HDQKD over free-space links, transmission over long-distance fiber Fiber (spelled fibre in British English; from ) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often inco ... links is challenging due to intermodal crosstalk. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KMB09 Protocol
KMB09 protocol (named after Muhammad Mubashir Khan, Michael Murphy and Almut Beige) is an alternative quantum key distribution protocol, where Alice and Bob use two mutually unbiased bases with one of them encoding a ‘0’ and the other one encoding a ‘1’. The security of the scheme is due to a minimum index transmission error rate (ITER) and quantum bit error rate (QBER) introduced by an eavesdropper. The ITER increases significantly for higher-dimensional photon states. This allows for more noise in the transmission line In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmis ..., thereby increasing the possible distance between Alice and Bob without the need for intermediate nodes.{{Cite journal , doi=10.1088/1367-2630/11/6/063043, title=High error-rate quantum key distribution for l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Three-stage Quantum Cryptography Protocol
The three-stage quantum cryptography protocol, also known as Kak's three-stage protocol is a method of data encryption that uses random polarization rotations by both Alice and Bob, the two authenticated parties, that was proposed by Subhash Kak. In principle, this method can be used for continuous, unbreakable encryption of data if single photons are used. It is different from methods of QKD (quantum key distribution) for it can be used for direct encryption of data, although it could also be used for exchanging keys. The basic idea behind this method is that of sending secrets (or valuables) through an unreliable courier by having both Alice and Bob place their locks on the box containing the secret, which is also called double-lock cryptography. Alice locks the box with the secret in it and it is transported to Bob, who sends it back after affixing his own lock. Alice now removes her lock (after checking that it has not been tampered with) and sends it back to Bob who, similarly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COW Protocol
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SARG04
SARG04 (named after Valerio Scarani, Antonio Acín, Gregoire Ribordy, and Nicolas Gisin) is a 2004 quantum cryptography protocol derived from the first protocol of that kind, BB84. Origin Researchers built SARG04 when they noticed that by using the four states of BB84 with a different information encoding they could develop a new protocol which would be more robust, especially against the photon-number-splitting attack, when attenuated laser pulses are used instead of single-photon sources. SARG04 was defined by Scarani et al. in 2004 in Physical Review Letters as a prepare and measure version (in which it is equivalent to BB84 when viewed at the level of quantum processing). An entanglement-based version has been defined as well. Description In the SARG04 scheme, Alice wishes to send a private key to Bob. She begins with two strings of bits, a and b, each n bits long. She then encodes these two strings as a string of n qubits, , \psi\rangle = \bigotimes_^, \psi_\rangle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoy State Protocol
Within quantum cryptography, the Decoy state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is the most widely implemented QKD scheme. Practical QKD systems use multi-photon sources, in contrast to the standard BB84 protocol, making them susceptible to photon number splitting (PNS) attacks. This would significantly limit the secure transmission rate or the maximum channel length in practical QKD systems. In decoy state technique, this fundamental weakness of practical QKD systems is addressed by using multiple intensity levels at the transmitter's source, i.e. qubits are transmitted by Alice using randomly chosen intensity levels (one signal state and several decoy states), resulting in varying photon number statistics throughout the channel. At the end of the transmission Alice announces publicly which intensity level has been used for the transmission of each qubit. A successful PNS attack requires maintaining the bit error rate (BER) at the receiver's end, which can not be accomplishe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Six-state Protocol
The six-state protocol (SSP) is the quantum cryptography protocol that is the version of BB84 that uses a six-state polarization scheme on three orthogonal bases. Origin The six-state protocol first appeared in the article "Optimal Eavesdropping in Quantum Cryptography with Six States" by Dagmar Bruss in 1998, and was further studied in "Incoherent and coherent eavesdropping in the six-state protocol of quantum cryptography" by Pasquinucci and Nicolas Gisin in 1999. Description "The six-state protocol is a discrete-variable protocol for quantum key distribution that permits tolerating a noisier channel than the BB84 protocol." (2011, Abruzzo). SSP produces a higher rate of errors during attempted eavesdropping, thus making it easier to detect errors, as an eavesdropper must choose the right basis from three possible bases (Haitjema, 2016). High dimensional systems have been proven to provide a higher level of security. Implementation Six-state protocol can be implemented ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BB84
BB84 is a quantum key distribution scheme developed by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. It is the first quantum cryptography protocol. The protocol is provably secure assuming a perfect implementation, relying on two conditions: (1) the quantum property that information gain is only possible at the expense of disturbing the signal if the two states one is trying to distinguish are not orthogonal (see no-cloning theorem); and (2) the existence of an authenticated public classical channel. It is usually explained as a method of securely communicating a private key from one party to another for use in one-time pad encryption. The proof of BB84 depends on a perfect implementation. Side channel attacks exist, taking advantage of non-quantum sources of information. Since this information is non-quantum, it can be intercepted without measuring or cloning quantum particles. Overview BB84 QKD system transmits individual photons through a fiber optic cable, with each photon re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MSZ96
MSZ96 is a quantum key distribution protocol which allows a cryptographic key bit to be encoded using four nonorthogonal quantum states described by non-commuting quadrature phase amplitudes of a weak optical field, without photon polarization (BB84 BB84 is a quantum key distribution scheme developed by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. It is the first quantum cryptography protocol. The protocol is provably secure assuming a perfect implementation, relying on two conditions: (1) t ... protocol) or entangled photons ( E91 protocol). It is named after Yi Mu, Jessica Seberry; Yuliang Zheng. See also * List of quantum key distribution protocols References {{reflist Quantum cryptography ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
B92 Protocol
B92 is a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol developed by Charles Bennett in 1992. It is a simplified alternative to the BB84 protocol, using only two non-orthogonal quantum states rather than four. The protocol relies on the no-cloning theorem and the fundamental principle that non-orthogonal states cannot be perfectly distinguished. Overview The B92 protocol is a method of secure quantum key distribution, where a sender (Alice) transmits individual photons to a receiver (Bob). Alice encodes the key using two non-orthogonal quantum states, typically chosen from the Bloch sphere, and Bob measures the received states using a corresponding measurement basis. Due to the non-orthogonality of the states, any eavesdropper (Eve) attempting to intercept the communication will inevitably introduce errors, which Alice and Bob can detect using classical post-processing techniques. Description In the B92 scheme, Alice chooses a random bit sequence and encodes each bit using one of tw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
