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Pseudevernia
''Pseudevernia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The type species of the genus, ''Pseudevernia furfuracea'' ( commonly known as tree moss), has substantial commercial value in the perfume industry. Systematics ''Pseudevernia'' was circumscribed by German botanist Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf in 1903 with ''Pseudevernia furfuracea'' as the type species. ''Pseudevernia'' is a member of the Hypogymnioid clade of the family Parmeliaceae; this clade, which also includes the genera ''Arctoparmelia'', '' Brodoa'', and ''Hypogymnia'', is an evolutionary lineage comprising species occurring in temperate to subpolar regions in both hemispheres. ''Pseudevernia'' has been estimated to have diverged from its closest ancestors during the Oligocene at 31.43 Ma, and is the earliest-diverging member of the Hypogymnioid clade. Description ''Pseudevernia'' lichens generally have a foliose (leafy) thallus, although occasionally it becomes almost fruticose in form. This ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudevernia Alectoronica
''Pseudevernia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family (biology), family Parmeliaceae. The type species of the genus, ''Pseudevernia furfuracea'' (common name, commonly known as tree moss), has substantial commercial value in the perfume industry. Systematics ''Pseudevernia'' was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by German botanist Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf in 1903 with ''Pseudevernia furfuracea'' as the type species. ''Pseudevernia'' is a member of the Hypogymnioid clade of the family Parmeliaceae; this clade, which also includes the genera ''Arctoparmelia'', ''Brodoa'', and ''Hypogymnia'', is an lineage (evolution), evolutionary lineage comprising species occurring in temperate to subarctic climate, subpolar regions in both hemispheres. ''Pseudevernia'' has been estimated to have genetic divergence, diverged from its closest ancestors during the Oligocene at 31.43 mega-annum, Ma, and is the earliest-diverging member of the Hypogymnioid clade. Description ''Pseude ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudevernia Consocians And Cladonia - Flickr - Pellaea
''Pseudevernia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The type species of the genus, '' Pseudevernia furfuracea'' ( commonly known as tree moss), has substantial commercial value in the perfume industry. Systematics ''Pseudevernia'' was circumscribed by German botanist Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf in 1903 with '' Pseudevernia furfuracea'' as the type species. ''Pseudevernia'' is a member of the Hypogymnioid clade of the family Parmeliaceae; this clade, which also includes the genera ''Arctoparmelia'', ''Brodoa'', and ''Hypogymnia'', is an evolutionary lineage comprising species occurring in temperate to subpolar regions in both hemispheres. ''Pseudevernia'' has been estimated to have diverged from its closest ancestors during the Oligocene at 31.43 Ma, and is the earliest-diverging member of the Hypogymnioid clade. Description ''Pseudevernia'' lichens generally have a foliose (leafy) thallus, although occasionally it becomes almost fruticose in form. This ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudevernia Furfuracea
''Pseudevernia furfuracea'', commonly known as tree moss, is a lichenized species of fungus that grows on the bark of firs and pines. The lichen is rather sensitive to air pollution, its presence usually indicating good air conditions in the growing place. The species has numerous human uses, including use in perfume, embalming and in medicine. Large amounts of tree moss is annually processed in France for the perfume industry. Description ''Pseudevernia furfuracea'' is associated with photobionts from the green algae genus ''Trebouxia''. It reproduces asexually by isidia. The ontogeny of isidia development and its role in CO2 gas exchange in ''P. furfuracea'' has been investigated. The preferred growing surfaces for ''P. furfuracea'' are the so-called "nutrient poor" bark trees, including birch, pine and spruce. The species has two morphologically identical varieties that are distinguished by the secondary metabolites they produce: var. ''ceratea'' Zopf. produces oli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypogymnia
''Hypogymnia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as tube lichens, bone lichens, or pillow lichens. Most species lack rhizines (root-like attachment organs on the lower surface) that are otherwise common in members of the Parmeliaceae, and have swollen lobes that are usually hollow. Other common characteristics are relatively small spores and the presence of physodic acid and related lichen products. The lichens usually grow on the bark and wood of coniferous trees. ''Hypogymnia'' was proposed by lichenologist William Nylander, first as a subgenus of ''Parmelia'' in 1881, and 15 years later as a distinct genus of two species, including the widespread and common type species, '' Hypogymnia physodes''. It has since grown to about 90 recognized species. ''Hypogymnia'' has a centre of biodiversity in China, where many of its species are found. Taxonomy ''Hypogymnia'' was first created as subgenus of ''Parmelia'' by Finnish lichenolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmeliaceae
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( 822 species), ''Usnea'' (355 species), ''Parmotrema'' ( 255 species), and ''Hypotrachyna'' (262 species). Nearly all members of the family have a symbiotic association with a green alga (most often ''Trebouxia'' spp., but '' Asterochloris'' spp. are known to associate with some species).Miadlikowska, J. ''et al.'' (2006). New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. ''Mycologia'' 98: 1088-1103. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/98/6/1088.pdf The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a foliose, fruticose, or subfruticose growth form. The morphological diversity and complexity exhibited by this group is en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medulla (lichenology)
The medulla is a horizontal layer within a lichen thallus. It is a loosely arranged layer of interlaced hyphae below the upper cortex and photobiont A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Galloway, D.J. (1992). Flora of Australia - ''Lichen Glossary'' The medulla generally has a cottony appearance. It is the widest layer of a heteromerous lichen thallus. References Fungal morphology and anatomy Lichenology {{lichen-stub ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lecanoric Acid
Lecanoric acid is a chemical produced by several species of lichen.ubChem - Lecanoric acid"> Lecanoric acid is classified as a polyphenol and a didepside and it functions as an antioxidant. The acid is named after the lichen ''Lecanora''. The acid has also been isolated from ''Usnea subvacata'', ''Parmotrema stuppuem'', ''Parmotrema tinctorum,'' '' Parmotrema grayana,'' Xanthoparmelia arida and Xanthoparmelia lecanorica. A related compound, 5-chlorolecanoric acid, is found in some species of ''Punctelia ''Punctelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus ''Parmelia'' in 1982. Characteristics that define ''Punctelia'' include the presence of ...''. References {{Reflist Polyphenols Benzoic acids Benzoate esters Lichen products ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Divergence
Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations) through time, often leading to reproductive isolation and continued mutation even after the populations have become Reproductive isolation, reproductively isolated for some period of time, as there isn’t genetic exchange anymore. In some cases, subpopulations living in ecologically distinct peripheral environments can exhibit genetic divergence from the remainder of a population, especially where the range of a population is very large (see parapatric speciation). The genetic differences among divergent populations can involve silent mutations (that have no effect on the phenotype) or give rise to significant Morphology (biology), morphological and/or physiology, physiological changes. Genetic divergence will always accompany reproductive isolation, either due to novel adaptations via selection and/or due to genetic drift, and is the principal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atranorin
Atranorin is a chemical substance produced by some species of lichen. It is a secondary metabolite belonging to a group of compounds known as depsides. Atranorin has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. In rare cases, people can react allergic Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, refer a number of conditions caused by the hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic derma ... to atranorin. References Further reading * * * * Polyphenols Lichen products {{organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Metabolism
Secondary metabolism (also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are involved in ecological interactions, but are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. These molecules are sometimes produced by specialized cells, such as laticifers in plants. Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms. Examples of secondary metabolites include antibiotics, pigments and scents. The opposite of secondary metabolites are primary metabolites, which are considered to be essential to the normal growth or development of an organism. Secondary metabolites are produced by many microbes, plants, fungi and animals, usually living in crowded habitats, where chemical defense represents a better option than physical escape. It is very hard to distinguish primary and secondary metabolites due to often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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