|
ProbLog
ProbLog is a probabilistic logic programming language that extends Prolog with probabilities. It minimally extends Prolog by adding the notion of a probabilistic fact, which combines the idea of logical atoms and random variables. Similarly to Prolog, ProbLog can query an atom. While Prolog returns the truth value of the queried atom, ProbLog returns the probability of it being true. Semantics A probabilistic fact is a pair (p, a) with a a ground atom and p \in , 1/math> the probability of a being true. A rule is defined by an atom h, called the head, and a finite set of n literals \, called the body. ProbLog programs consist of a set of probabilistic facts \mathcal and a set of rules \mathcal. Using the distribution semantics, a probability distribution is defined over the two-valued well-founded models of the atoms in the program. The probability of a model is defined as P(M) = \prod_ P(l) where the product runs over all the literals in the model M. For a query atom q th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Probabilistic Logic Programming
Probabilistic logic programming is a programming paradigm that combines logic programming with probabilities. Most approaches to probabilistic logic programming are based on the ''distribution semantics,'' which splits a program into a set of probabilistic facts and a logic program. It defines a probability distribution on interpretations of the Herbrand universe of the program. Languages Most approaches to probabilistic logic programming are based on the ''distribution semantics,'' which underlies many languages such as Probabilistic Horn Abduction, PRISM, Independent Choice Logic , probabilistic Datalog, Logic Programs with Annotated Disjunctions, ProbLog, P-log, and CP-logic. While the number of languages is large, many share a common approach so that there are transformations with linear complexity that can translate one language into another. Semantics Under the distribution semantics, a probabilistic logic program is interpreted as a set of independent probabilistic fac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Python (programming Language)
Python is a high-level programming language, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Python is type system#DYNAMIC, dynamically type-checked and garbage collection (computer science), garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured programming, structured (particularly procedural programming, procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive standard library. Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC (programming language), ABC programming language, and he first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0. Python 2.0 was released in 2000. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literal (mathematical Logic)
Literal may refer to: * Interpretation of legal concepts: ** Strict constructionism ** The plain meaning rule (a.k.a. "literal rule") * Literal (mathematical logic), certain logical roles taken by propositions * Literal (computer programming), a fixed value in a program's source code * Biblical literalism * Titled works: ** Literal (magazine), ''Literal'' (magazine) ** Three-issue series Fables (comics)#The Literals, ''The Literals'', in ''Fables'' comics franchise See also * Literal and figurative language * Literal translation * Literalism (other) * Littoral (other) * ''Literally'', English adverb {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computational Statistics
Computational statistics, or statistical computing, is the study which is the intersection of statistics and computer science, and refers to the statistical methods that are enabled by using computational methods. It is the area of computational science (or scientific computing) specific to the mathematical science of statistics. This area is fast developing. The view that the broader concept of computing must be taught as part of general statistical education is gaining momentum. As in Statistics, traditional statistics the goal is to transform raw data into knowledge,Edward Wegman, Wegman, Edward J. �Computational Statistics: A New Agenda for Statistical Theory and Practice.�� Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences', vol. 78, no. 4, 1988, pp. 310–322. ''JSTOR'' but the focus lies on computer intensive statistical methods, such as cases with very large Sample size determination, sample size and non-homogeneous data sets. The terms 'computational statistics' and 'statis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nondeterministic Programming Languages
Nondeterminism or nondeterministic may refer to: Computer science *Nondeterministic programming *Nondeterministic algorithm *Nondeterministic model of computation **Nondeterministic finite automaton **Nondeterministic Turing machine *Indeterminacy in computation (other), Indeterminacy in computation Other *Indeterminism (philosophy) See also *Indeterminacy (other) {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Programming Paradigms
A programming paradigm is a relatively high-level way to conceptualize and structure the implementation of a computer program. A programming language can be classified as supporting one or more paradigms. Paradigms are separated along and described by different dimensions of programming. Some paradigms are about implications of the execution model, such as allowing side effects, or whether the sequence of operations is defined by the execution model. Other paradigms are about the way code is organized, such as grouping into units that include both state and behavior. Yet others are about syntax and grammar. Some common programming paradigms include (shown in hierarchical relationship): * Imperative code directly controls execution flow and state change, explicit statements that change a program state ** procedural organized as procedures that call each other ** object-oriented organized as objects that contain both data structure and associated behavior, uses data struc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Probabilistic Software
Probability is a branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur."Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics, Volume 1: Distribution Theory", Alan Stuart and Keith Ord, 6th ed., (2009), .William Feller, ''An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications'', vol. 1, 3rd ed., (1968), Wiley, . This number is often expressed as a percentage (%), ranging from 0% to 100%. A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the two outcomes ("heads" and "tails") are both equally probable; the probability of "heads" equals the probability of "tails"; and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either "heads" or "tails" is 1/2 (which could also be written as 0.5 or 50%). These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical formaliza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commutative Semiring
In abstract algebra, a semiring is an algebraic structure. Semirings are a generalization of rings, dropping the requirement that each element must have an additive inverse. At the same time, semirings are a generalization of bounded distributive lattices. The smallest semiring that is not a ring is the two-element Boolean algebra, for instance with logical disjunction \lor as addition. A motivating example that is neither a ring nor a lattice is the set of natural numbers \N (including zero) under ordinary addition and multiplication. Semirings are abundant because a suitable multiplication operation arises as the function composition of endomorphisms over any commutative monoid. Terminology Some authors define semirings without the requirement for there to be a 0 or 1. This makes the analogy between ring and on the one hand and and on the other hand work more smoothly. These authors often use rig for the concept defined here. This originated as a joke, suggesting that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
