Perudyptes
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Perudyptes
''Perudyptes'' is a basal (phylogenetics), basal penguin from the Eocene, Middle Eocene Paracas Formation of Peru.''Perudyptes''
at Fossilworks.org
The genus name ''Perudyptes'' is named after the country, while the species name ''devriesi'' Thomas DeVries, a Vashon Island High School science teacher who has long worked in Peru.


Description

''Perudyptes devriesi'' is a basal penguin from the Middle Eocene (Mustersan, ~42 Ma) Paracas Formation of Peru. This new discovery is able to fill a major phylogenetic and stratigraphic (~20 million year) gap between the earliest fossil penguins (''Waimanu manneringi'' and ''Muriwaimanu, Muriwaimanu tuatahi'', ~58–61.6 Ma) and the next oldest partial skeletons. The sku ...
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Penguin
Penguins (order (biology), order List of Sphenisciformes by population, Sphenisciformes , family (biology), family Spheniscidae ) are a group of Water bird, aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere: only one species, the Galápagos penguin, is found north of the Equator. Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have Countershading, countershaded dark and white plumage and flippers for swimming. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sea life which they catch with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey. They spend roughly half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea. The largest living species is the emperor penguin (''Aptenodytes forsteri''): on average, adults are about tall and weigh . The smallest penguin species is the Little penguin, little blue penguin (''Eudyptula minor''), also known as the fairy penguin, whic ...
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Mustersan
The Mustersan age is a period of geologic time (48.0–42.0 Ma) within the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene, used more specifically within the South American land mammal age (SALMA) classification. It follows the Casamayoran and precedes the Divisaderan age.Mustersan
at .org
Woodburne et al., 2013


Etymology

This age is named after Lake Musters in the

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Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', "dawn") and (''kainós'', "new") and refers to the "dawn" of modern ('new') fauna that appeared during the epoch. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope Carbon-13, 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope Carbon-12, 12C. The end is set at a major extinction event called the ''Grande Coupure'' (the "Great Break" in continuity) or the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Popigai impact structure, Siberia and in what is now ...
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Paleogene Peru
The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The earlier term Tertiary Period was used to define the span of time now covered by the Paleogene Period and subsequent Neogene Period; despite no longer being recognised as a formal stratigraphic term, 'Tertiary' is still widely found in earth science literature and remains in informal use. Paleogene is often abbreviated "Pg" (but the United States Geological Survey uses the abbreviation PE for the Paleogene on the Survey's geologic maps). During the Paleogene, mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that ended the preceding C ...
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Eocene Birds Of South America
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', "dawn") and (''kainós'', "new") and refers to the "dawn" of modern ('new') fauna that appeared during the epoch. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C. The end is set at a major extinction event called the ''Grande Coupure'' (the "Great Break" in continuity) or the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay. As with other geologic periods, the strata that define the start and end o ...
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Extinct Penguins
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence. More than 99% of all species that ever lived on Earth, amounting to over five billion species, are estimated to have died out. It is estimated that there are currently around 8.7 million species of eukaryote globally, and possibly many times more if microorganisms, like bacteria, are included. Notable extinct animal species include non-avian dinosaurs, saber-toothed cats, dodos, mam ...
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Muriwaimanu
''Muriwaimanu'' is an extinct genus of early penguin. One species is known, ''Muriwaimanu tuatahi'', which was originally referred to ''Waimanu tuatahi'' in 2006 by Slack ''et al.''.Slack, K.E., Jones, C.M., Ando, T., Harrison G.L., Fordyce R.E., Arnason, U. and Penny, D. (2006). "Early Penguin Fossils, plus Mitochondrial Genomes, Calibrate Avian Evolution." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', 23(6): 1144-1155.PDF fulltextSupplementary Material
It was discovered in the near the Waipara River, in



Waimanu Manneringi
''Waimanu'' is a genus of early penguin which lived during the Paleocene, soon after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, around 62–60 million years ago. It was about the size of an emperor penguin (1 metre). It is one of the most important bird fossils for understanding the origin and evolution of birds because of the time period it comes from, and the position of penguins near the base of the bird family tree. ''Waimanu'' was a very early member of the Sphenisciformes, the order that includes modern penguins. However, although it was probably flightless like all modern penguins, with wings specialized for wing-propelled diving, its wing bones do not yet show the extreme specializations modern penguins have for an aquatic lifestyle. It may have resembled a flightless loon or diver in body shape, and possibly the great auk in its manner of locomotion. Discovery ''Waimanu'' was discovered in the Basal Waipara Greensand near the Waipara River, in Canterbury, New Zealan ...
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Paracas Formation
Paracas or ''variation'', may refer to: Places * Paracas Peninsula, located in the Ica Region of Peru * Paracas Bay, located in the Pisco Province of the Ica Region in Peru * Paracas (municipality), the capital city of the Paracas District * Paracas District, located in the Pisco Province of the Ica Region in Peru * Paracas National Reserve Paracas civilization * Paracas culture, an Andean society that existed in Peru between approximately 750 BC and 100 AD * Paracas Candelabra, a prehistoric geoglyph on the Paracas Peninsula * Paracas textile Other uses * Hotel Paracas, Pisco, Peru; a luxury resort hotel * Savo Parača, president of the basketball club ''KK Lovćen'' * Nikola Parača (born 1999), basketball player on the ''KK Lovćen'' * Paraca (racehorse), winner of the 2003 Birthday Card Stakes, 2004 D.C. McKay Stakes See also * Paracas–Arequipa–Antofalla terrain Arequipa-Antofalla is a basement unit underlying the central Andes in northwestern Argentina, western Boli ...
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Vashon Island High School
Vashon Island High School (VHS) is a public high school located on Vashon Island, Washington. Vashon Island High School, a part of the Vashon Island School District, is the only high school to serve the island. VHS runs 9th through 12th grade. The school has two language courses available: French and Spanish. VHS puts on three plays a year within the three drama classes; Theater Arts I, II and Musical Theater. VHS also has a band which puts on three concerts, including a Christmas concert and a Pops concert. The band also competes at a band competition at Stadium High School. The school's athletic mascot is the Pirates. Campus In 2018, some of the restroom facilities were to be converted into gender-neutral ones. Despite being accessible only by ferries, VHS has a large number of off-island commuter students who come from West Seattle, the Kitsap Peninsula (predominantly from Port Orchard), and Tacoma. Awards and recognition Vashon Island High School was a 2013 Washington Achievem ...
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Vashon Island School District
Vashon Island School District is a school district headquartered in Vashon Island, Washington. Schools *Chautauqua Elementary School *McMurray Middle School *Vashon Island High School Vashon Island High School (VHS) is a public high school located on Vashon Island, Washington. Vashon Island High School, a part of the Vashon Island School District, is the only high school to serve the island. VHS runs 9th through 12th grade. The ...Family Link References External links Vashon Island School District Education in King County, Washington School districts in Washington (state) {{Washington-school-stub ...
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Thomas DeVries
Thomas may refer to: People * List of people with given name Thomas * Thomas (name) * Thomas (surname) * Saint Thomas (other) * Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church * Thomas the Apostle * Thomas (bishop of the East Angles) (fl. 640s–650s), medieval Bishop of the East Angles * Thomas (Archdeacon of Barnstaple) (fl. 1203), Archdeacon of Barnstaple * Thomas, Count of Perche (1195–1217), Count of Perche * Thomas (bishop of Finland) (1248), first known Bishop of Finland * Thomas, Earl of Mar (1330–1377), 14th-century Earl, Aberdeen, Scotland Geography Places in the United States * Thomas, Illinois * Thomas, Indiana * Thomas, Oklahoma * Thomas, Oregon * Thomas, South Dakota * Thomas, Virginia * Thomas, Washington * Thomas, West Virginia * Thomas County (other) * Thomas Township (other) Elsewhere * Thomas Glacier (Greenland) Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Thomas'' (Burton novel) 1969 novel ...
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