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Peorð
is the rune denoting the sound ''p'' ( voiceless bilabial stop) in the Elder Futhark runic alphabet. It does not appear in the Younger Futhark. It is named peorð in the Anglo-Saxon rune-poem and glossed enigmatically as follows: : ''peorð byþ symble plega and hlehter / ƿlancum n middum ðar ƿigan sittaþ / on beorsele bliþe ætsomne'' :"Peorð is a source of recreation and amusement to the great, where warriors sit happily together in the beerhall." The name is not comprehensible from Old English, i.e. no word similar to ''peorð'' is known in this language. According to a 9th-century manuscript of Alcuin (Codex Vindobonensis 795), written using the Gothic alphabet in Britain, the letters ''p'' (based on a Greek Π) and ''q'' (an inverted Π) are called "pairþra" and "qairþra", respectively. One of these names clearly is derived from the other. However, the names are not comprehensible in Gothic either, and it is not clear which is derived from which, although i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Futhorc
Anglo-Saxon runes ( ang, rūna ᚱᚢᚾᚪ) are runes used by the early Anglo-Saxons as an alphabet in their writing system. The characters are known collectively as the futhorc (ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ ''fuþorc'') from the Old English sound values of the first six runes. The futhorc was a development from the 24-character Elder Futhark. Since the futhorc runes are thought to have first been used in Frisia before the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, they have also been called Anglo-Frisian runes. They were likely to have been used from the 5th century onward, recording Old English and Old Frisian. They were gradually supplanted in Anglo-Saxon England by the Old English Latin alphabet introduced by Irish missionaries. Futhorc runes were no longer in common use by the eleventh century, but The Byrhtferth's Manuscript (MS Oxford St John's College 17) indicates that fairly accurate understanding of them persisted into at least the twelfth century. History There are competing theo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old English Rune Poem
The Old English rune poem, dated to the 8th or 9th century, has stanzas on 29 Anglo-Saxon runes. It stands alongside younger rune poems from Scandinavia, which record the names of the 16 Younger Futhark runes. The poem is a product of the period of declining vitality of the runic script in Anglo-Saxon England after the Christianization of the 7th century. A large body of scholarship has been devoted to the poem, mostly dedicated to its importance for runology but to a lesser extent also to the cultural lore embodied in its stanzas. The sole manuscript recording the poem, Cotton Otho B.x, was destroyed in the Cotton Fire of 1731, and all editions of the poems are based on a facsimile published by George Hickes in 1705. History of preservation The poem as recorded was likely composed in the 8th or 9th century.Van Kirk Dobbie (1965:XLIX). It was preserved in the 10th-century manuscript Cotton Otho B.x, fol. 165a – 165b, housed at the Cotton library in London. The first me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceirt
Ceirt (''Queirt'') ᚊ (Primitive Irish ''cert'') is a letter of the Ogham alphabet, transcribed as Q. It expresses the Primitive Irish labiovelar phoneme. The 14th century '' Auraicept na n-Éces'' glosses the name as ''aball'', meaning "apple tree". Its phonetic value is {{IPA, ʷ}. The ''Bríatharogam'' (kennings) for the letter are: *''Morainn mac Moín'': ''Clithar baiscill'' ‘the shelter of a lunatic’ *''Maic ind Óc'': ''Bríg anduini'' ‘substance of an insignificant person’ *''Con Culainn'': ''Dígu fethail'' ‘dregs of clothing’ McManus (1991:37) compares it to Welsh ''perth'' ‘thorn bush’, Latin ''quercus'' ‘oak’ (PIE *''perkwos''); it survives in the Modern Irish ''ceirtlis'' ("cider"). The name was confused with Old Irish ''ceirt'' ‘rag’, reflected in the kennings. In the framework of a runic origin of the Ogham, the name has also been compared to the name of the Anglo Saxon Futhorc ''p''-rune, ''Peorð'': This name is itself unclear, but mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Runic Letter Pertho
Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets native to the Germanic peoples. Runes were used to write various Germanic languages (with some exceptions) before they adopted the Latin alphabet, and for specialised purposes thereafter. In addition to representing a sound value (a phoneme), runes can be used to represent the concepts after which they are named (ideographs). Scholars refer to instances of the latter as ('concept runes'). The Scandinavian variants are also known as ''futhark'' or ''fuþark'' (derived from their first six letters of the script: '' F'', '' U'', '' Þ'', '' A'', '' R'', and '' K''); the Anglo-Saxon variant is ''futhorc'' or ' (due to sound-changes undergone in Old English by the names of those six letters). Runology is the academic study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. Runology forms a specialised branch of Germanic philology. The earliest secure runic inscriptions date from aro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Germanic
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic branches during the fifth century BC to fifth century AD: West Germanic, East Germanic and North Germanic, which however remained in contact over a considerable time, especially the Ingvaeonic languages (including English), which arose from West Germanic dialects and remained in continued contact with North Germanic. A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of the process described by Grimm's law, a set of sound changes that occurred between its status as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European and its gradual divergence into a separate language. As it is probable that the development of this sound shift spanned a considerable time (several centuries), Proto-Germanic cannot adequately be reconstructed as a simple node in a tree model but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viking Age
The Viking Age () was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America. It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age. The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia but also to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period. The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as ''Vikings'' as well as ''Norsemen'', although few of them were Vikings in sense of being engaged in piracy. Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, and the Baltic coast and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Indo-European Language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language, and it is the best understood of all proto-languages of its age. The majority of linguistic work during the 19th century was devoted to the reconstruction of PIE or its daughter languages, and many of the modern techniques of linguistic reconstruction (such as the comparative method) were developed as a result. PIE is hypothesized to have been spoken as a single language from 4500 BC to 2500 BC during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, though estimates vary by more than a thousand years. According to the prevailing Kurgan hypothesis, the original homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peith
The ''forfeda'' (sing. ''forfid'') are the "additional" letters of the Ogham alphabet, beyond the basic inventory of twenty signs. Their name derives from ''fid'' ("wood", a term also used for Ogham letters) and the prefix ''for-'' ("additional"). The most important of these are five ''forfeda'' which were arranged in their own ''aicme'' or class, and were invented in the Old Irish period, several centuries after the peak of Ogham usage. They appear to have represented sounds felt to be missing from the original alphabet, maybe ''é(o)'', ''ó(i)'', ''ú(i)'', ''p'' and ''ch''. The ''aicme'' forfeda The five ''aicme'' forfeda are glossed in the manuscripts '' Auraicept na n-Éces'' ('The Scholars' Primer), '' De dúilib feda'' ('Elements of the Letters') and ''In Lebor Ogaim'' ('The Book of Ogam'), by several '' Bríatharogaim'' ("word oghams" ), or two word kennings, which explain the meanings of the names of the letters of the Ogham alphabet. Three variant lists of ''bríatharo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berkanan
Berkanan is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the ''b'' rune , meaning "birch". In the Younger Futhark it is called Bjarkan in the Icelandic and Norwegian rune poems. In the Anglo-Saxon rune poem it is called ''beorc'' ("birch" or " poplar"). The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌱 ''b'', named ''bairkan''. The letter shape is likely directly based on Old Italic 𐌁, whence comes also the Latin letter B. The rune is recorded in all three rune poems: See also *Elder Futhark *Rune poem *Beith (letter) *Loki *Bluetooth Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building personal area networks (PANs). In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limi ... References Runes {{writingsystem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Westeremden Yew-stick
The Westeremden yew-stick is a yew-wood stick found in Westeremden in the Groningen province of the Netherlands in 1917. It bears an Old Frisian runic inscription, dated to the second half of the 8th century. With a total of 41 letters, this is the longest of the extant Frisian runic inscriptions. Transliteration The inscription is divided into three lines, as follows: :ᚩᛈᚻᚳᛗᚢᛡᛁᛅᛞᚪᚳᛗᛚᚢᚦ: :ᚹᛁᛗᛟᚳᚻᚦᚢᚴᛅ :ᛁᚹᛁᚩᚢᛞᚢᚿᚩᛚᛖ: Runes with unfamiliar shapes or uncertain values are: * , a '' Spiegelrune'' of ᛒ, similar to a variant of ᛥ ''stan'', transliterated as ''B'' below * , a ''Spiegelrune'' of ᛈ, similar to a variant of ᛥ ''stan'', transliterated as ''P'' below * , like Younger Futhark ''kaun'', transliterated as ''K'' below *ᚳ (like Anglo-Saxon ''cen'', occurring three times); it apparently represents a vowel, likely ''æ'', replacing absent ᚫ ''æsc'' *ᛅ (like Younger Futhark ''ar''), transliterate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abecedarium
An abecedarium (also known as an abecedary or ABCs or simply an ABC) is an inscription consisting of the letters of an alphabet, almost always listed in order. Typically, abecedaria (or abecedaries) are practice exercises. Non-Latin alphabets Some abecedaria include obsolete letters which are not otherwise attested in inscriptions. For example, abecedaria in the Etruscan alphabet from Marsiliana (the Tuscana town) include the letters B, D, and O, which indicate sounds not present in the Etruscan language and are therefore not found in Etruscan inscriptions. Others, such as those known from Safaitic inscriptions, list the letters of the alphabet in different orders, suggesting that the script was casually rather than formally learned. Some abecedaria found in the Athenian Agora appear to be deliberately incomplete, consisting of only the first three to six letters of the Greek alphabet, and these may have had a magical or ritual significance. A deliberately incomplete abe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kylver Stone
The Kylver stone, listed in the Rundata catalog as runic inscription G 88, is a Swedish runestone which dates from about 400 AD. It is notable for its listing of each of the runes in the Elder Futhark. Description The Kylver stone was found during the excavation of a cemetery near a farm at Kylver, Stånga, Gotland in 1903. The stone was a flat limestone rock used to seal a grave and the runic inscription was written on the underside, and could therefore not be read from above. The dating of the stone from 400 CE is based upon the archeological dating of the graves. The Kylver stone was removed from Gotland and brought to the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm where it is on display . The fact that the inscription was on the inside of a cover to a grave has resulted in speculation that it represented a use of the Elder Futhark to pacify the dead man in some manner. However, it has been pointed out that there is nothing in the inscription to support this. In add ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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