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Pasigraphy
A pasigraphy (from Greek πᾶσι ''pasi'' "to all" and γράφω ''grapho'' "to write") is a writing system where each written symbol represents a concept (rather than a word or sound or series of sounds in a spoken language). The aim is to be intelligible to persons of all languages. The term was first applied to a system proposed in 1796, though a number of pasigraphies had been devised prior to that; Leopold Einstein reviews 60 attempts at creating an international auxiliary language, the majority of the 17th–18th century projects being pasigraphies of one kind or another,Leopold Einstein, "Al la historio de la Provoj de Lingvoj Tutmondaj de Leibniz ĝis la Nuna Tempo", 1884. Reprinted in ''Fundamenta Krestomatio'', UEA 1992 903 and several pasigraphies and auxiliary languages, including some sample texts, are also reviewed in Arika Okrent's book on constructed languages.Arika Okrent, ''In The Land of Invented Languages'', Spiegel & Grau 2009 (). Leibniz wrote about th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constructed Language
A constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a work of fiction. A constructed language may also be referred to as an artificial, planned or invented language, or (in some cases) a fictional language. ''Planned languages'' (or engineered languages/engelangs) are languages that have been purposefully designed; they are the result of deliberate, controlling intervention and are thus of a form of '' language planning''. There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language, such as to ease human communication (see international auxiliary language and code); to give fiction or an associated constructed setting an added layer of realism; for experimentation in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning; for artistic creation; and for language games. Some people may a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interlinguistics
Interlinguistics, as the science of planned languages, has existed for more than a century as a specific branch of linguistics for the study of various aspects of linguistic communication. Interlinguistics is a discipline formalized by Otto Jespersen in 1931 as the science of ''interlanguages'', i.e. contact languages tailored for international communication. In more recent times, the object of study of interlinguistics was put into relation with language planning, the collection of strategies to deliberately influence the structure and function of a living language. In this framework, interlanguages become a subset of planned languages, i.e. extreme cases of language planning. Interlinguistics first appeared as a branch of studies devoted to the establishment of norms for auxiliary languages, but over its century-long history it has been understood by different authors more and more broadly as an Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary branch of science which includes various aspect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Auxiliary Language
An international auxiliary language (sometimes acronymized as IAL or contracted as auxlang) is a language meant for communication between people from all different nations, who do not share a common first language. An auxiliary language is primarily a foreign language and often a constructed language. The concept is related to but separate from the idea of a ''lingua franca'' (or dominant language) that people must use to communicate. The term "auxiliary" implies that it is intended to be an additional language for communication between the people of the world, rather than to replace their native languages. Often, the term is used specifically to refer to planned or constructed languages proposed to ease international communication, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua. It usually takes words from widely spoken languages. However, it can also refer to the concept of such a language being determined by international consensus, including even a standardized natural language (e.g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideogram
An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek "idea" and "to write") is a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept, independent of any particular language, and specific words or phrases. Some ideograms are comprehensible only by familiarity with prior convention; others convey their meaning through pictorial resemblance to a physical object, and thus may also be referred to as ''pictograms''. The numerals and mathematical symbols are ideograms – 1 'one', 2 'two', + 'plus', = 'equals', and so on (compare the section "Mathematics" below). In English, the ampersand & is used for 'and' and (as in many languages) for Latin ' (as in &c for '), % for ' percent' ('per cent'), # for 'number' (or 'pound', among other meanings), § for 'section', $ for 'dollar', € for 'euro', £ for 'pound', ° for 'degree', @ for 'at', and so on. The reason they are ideograms rather than logograms is that they do not denote fixed morphemes: they can be read in many different languages, n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cave Beck
Cave Beck (1623 – 1706) was an English schoolmaster and clergyman, the author of ''The Universal Character'' (published in London, 1657) in which he proposed a universal language based on a numerical system. Life Beck was born in London in 1623, the son of John Beck, a baker (or perhaps an inn-keeper or brewer)in the parish of St. John, Clerkenwell. He was educated in a private school in London run by a Mr. Braithwayte, and on 13 June 1638 was admitted as a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge. He took the degree of B.A. in 1642, and then enrolled as a trainee lawyer at Gray's Inn, London on 1 August 1642., but does not appear to have gained any legal qualifications. In 1643, he was to be found in Oxford, where King Charles I had formed his headquarters during the English Civil War. As a result of royal patronage, he was awarded a degree as M.A., on 17 October 1643. Beck was headmaster of Ipswich School, Ipswich in Suffolk from 1650 to 1657 - Beck Street in that s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blissymbols
Blissymbols or Blissymbolics is a constructed language conceived as an ideographic writing system called Semantography consisting of several hundred basic symbols, each representing a concept, which can be composed together to generate new symbols that represent new concepts. Blissymbols differ from most of the world's major writing systems in that the characters do not correspond at all to the sounds of any spoken language. Blissymbols was published by Charles K. Bliss in 1949 and found use in the education of people with communication difficulties. History Blissymbols was invented by Charles K. Bliss (1897–1985), born Karl Kasiel Blitz in the Austro-Hungarian city of Czernowitz (at present the Ukrainian city of Chernivtsi), which had a mixture of different nationalities that "hated each other, mainly because they spoke and thought in different languages."Grant Stott (1997)A Great Australian. The Inventor of Semantography (Blissymbolics) Retrieved 18 October 2011. Blis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Writing System
A writing system is a method of visually representing verbal communication, based on a script and a set of rules regulating its use. While both writing and speech are useful in conveying messages, writing differs in also being a reliable form of information storage and transfer. Writing systems require shared understanding between writers and readers of the meaning behind the sets of characters that make up a script. Writing is usually recorded onto a durable medium, such as paper or electronic storage, although non-durable methods may also be used, such as writing on a computer display, on a blackboard, in sand, or by skywriting. Reading a text can be accomplished purely in the mind as an internal process, or expressed orally. Writing systems can be placed into broad categories such as alphabets, syllabaries, or logographies, although any particular system may have attributes of more than one category. In the alphabetic category, a standard set of letters represent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leopold Einstein
Leopold Einstein (born Leopold Löb, 1833, died 8 September 1890 in Nuremberg) was a Jewish teacher, vendor, and writer. He was one of the early proponents of Esperanto. He was the first chairperson of the " Nürnberger Weltspracheverein", a Volapük organization founded on 18 February 1885, and remained chairperson until his resignation due to poor health on 22 February 1888. He was a strong supporter of Volapük, and wrote about 200 German-language articles about it. In 1885, he published a German-language treatise about attempts at creating a world language from Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz . ( – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat. He is one of the most prominent figures in both the history of philosophy and the history of ma ... to the present. When Einstein read L. L. Zamenhof's '' Unua Libro'' in 1888, he became an Esperantist and began corresponding with Zamenhof. He began to work ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philosophical Language
A philosophical language is any constructed language that is constructed from first principles. It is considered a type of engineered language. Philosophical languages were popular in Early Modern times, partly motivated by the goal of revising normal language for philosophical (i.e. scientific) purposes. The term ideal language is sometimes used near-synonymously, though more modern philosophical languages such as Toki Pona are less likely to involve such an exalted claim of perfection. The axioms and grammars of the languages together differ from commonly spoken languages. Overview In most philosophical languages, words are constructed from a limited set of morphemes that are treated as "elemental" or fundamental. "Philosophical language" is sometimes used synonymously with "taxonomic language". Vocabularies of oligosynthetic languages are made of compound words, which are coined from a small (theoretically minimal) set of morphemes. Languages like Toki Pona similarly use a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph De Maimieux
Joseph de Maimieux (1753–1820), was a French noble who had emigrated to Germany at the time of the Revolution, who returned to France in 1797. He invented a ''sorte de système de langage universel'' ("kind of universal language system") which he exposed in ''Pasigraphie ou Premiers éléments du nouvel art-science, d’écrire et d’imprimer en une langue, de manière à être lu et entendu dans toute autre langue sans traduction…'' (Paris, 1797), completed by ''Pasigraphie et pasilalie'', (Paris, an VIII) and ''Carte générale pasigraphique'' (1808). According to Hoefer in his ''Nouvelle Biographie Générale The ''Nouvelle Biographie Générale''Its full title was ''Nouvelle Biographie Générale, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'a nos jours, avec les renseignements bibliographiques et l'indication des sources a consulter'' ("New General Biog ...'', he may have helped general Firmas-Périés to write his ''Pasitélégraphie''. Joseph de Maimieux was a member of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacob Linzbach
Jakob Linzbach (21 June 1874 – 30 April 1953) was an Estonian linguist. Jakob Linzbach was born in Kõmmaste, in the Governorate of Estonia of the Russian Empire (present-day Estonia) and died in Tallinn. The claim has been made for his (1916) ''Principles of Philosophical Language'' that it independently advanced some of the claims of Ferdinand de Saussure's '' Course in General Linguistics'', in particular anticipating phonological ideas. Linzbach - unlike Saussure - also set himself to construct a universal writing system, which he called Transcendental Algebra. Linzbach's system provided a problem topic for the inaugural International Linguistics Olympiad The International Linguistics Olympiad (IOL) is one of the International Science Olympiads for secondary school students. Its abbreviation IOL is deliberately chosen not to correspond to the name of the organization in any particular language, an ... in 2003. Works * Линцбах, Я. Принципы фило� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic period (), and the Classical period (). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers. It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been a standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance. This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language. From the Hellenistic period (), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek, which is regarded as a separate historical stage, although its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek. There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek, of which Attic Greek developed into Koi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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