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Particularism (other)
Particularism may refer to: * Epistemological particularism, one of the answers to the problem of the criterion in epistemology * Historical particularism, an approach in anthropology * Moral particularism, the view that there are no universal moral principles * Multicultural particularism, the belief that a common culture for all people is either undesirable or impossible * Political particularism In political science, political particularism is the ability of policymakers to further their careers by catering to narrow interests rather than to broader national platforms. Political science In a political system governed by particularis ..., the politics of group identity that trumps universal rights * Religious particularism, name given to the phenomenon of Americanism in the apostolic letter ''Testem benevolentiae nostrae'' {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epistemological Particularism
Epistemological particularism is the view that one can know something without knowing ''how'' one knows it. By this view, one's knowledge is justified before one knows how such belief could be justified. Taking this as a philosophical approach, one would ask the question "What do we know?" before asking "How do we know?" The term appears in Roderick Chisholm's " The Problem of the Criterion", and in the work of his student, Ernest Sosa ("The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge"). Particularism is contrasted with methodism, which answers the latter question before the former. Since the question "What do we know" implies that we know, particularism is considered fundamentally anti-skeptical, and was ridiculed by Kant in the ''Prolegomena In an essay, Article (publishing), article, or book, an introduction (also known as a prolegomenon) is a beginning section which states the purpose and goals of the following writing. This is generally follo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historical Particularism
Historical particularism (coined by Marvin Harris in 1968)Harris, Marvin: ''The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture''. 1968. (Reissued 2001) New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company is widely considered the first American anthropological school of thought. Closely associated with Franz Boas and the Boasian approach to anthropology, historical particularism rejected the cultural evolutionary model that had dominated anthropology until Boas. It argued that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past. Boas rejected parallel evolutionism, the idea that all societies are on the same path and have reached their specific level of development the same way all other societies have. Instead, historical particularism showed that societies could reach the same level of cultural development Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or social evolution are theories of sociobiology and cultural evolution that describe how s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moral Particularism
Moral particularism is a theory in meta-ethics that runs counter to the idea that moral actions can be determined by applying universal moral principles. It states that there is no set of moral principles that can be applied to every situation, making it an idea appealing to the causal nature of morally challenging situations. Moral judgements are said to be determined by factors of relevance with the consideration of a particular context. A moral particularist, for example, would argue that homicide cannot be judged to be morally wrong until all the morally relevant facts are known. While this stands in stark contrast to other prominent moral theories, such as deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics, it finds its way into jurisprudence, with the idea of justifiable homicide, for instance. In this case, the morally relevant facts are based on context rather than principle. Critics would argue that even in this case, the principle still informs morally right action. History ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multicultural Particularism
Multicultural particularism is the belief that a common culture for all people is either undesirable or impossible. In discussions of multiculturalism The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and colloquial use. In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for "Pluralism (political theory), ethnic pluralism", with the tw ..., historian and educator Diane Ravitch draws a distinction between what she terms "pluralistic" and "particularistic" varieties and suggests that other writers often blur or ignore this distinction. In a long essay about multiculturalism in American education, Ravitch praises the inclusiveness of multicultural pluralism while decrying what she sees as multiple flaws and failures of multicultural particularism. Reprinted by Houghton-Mifflin. References {{sociology-stub Multiculturalism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Particularism
In political science, political particularism is the ability of policymakers to further their careers by catering to narrow interests rather than to broader national platforms. Political science In a political system governed by particularism, sooner or later, the decisive factor of politics becomes ethnic and religious identity and the interests of the communities defined by these bonds. This stands in contrast with the ideas and values of political pluralism, with its emphasis on universal rights, separation of religion and the government, and an ethic of ethnic and religious tolerance. Parliamentary practice When an elected assembly – supposed to express collective interests – directs funds to a specific recipient (with local and personal Acts in United Kingdom, or earmarks in United States, for example), the parliamentary system is bent to political particularism. This way to legislate it is often characterized by its opponents as the politics of group identity th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
