Parmelina Quercina

	Parmelina Quercina ''Parmelina quercina'' is a species of foliose lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is found in continental Europe. Taxonomy The lichen was first scientifically described by German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1787, as ''Lichen quercinus''. Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio considered it better classified in ''Parmelia'', which at the time was a large genus that contained most foliose, or so-called "parmelioid" lichens. Mason Hale transferred it (and 40 other former ''Parmelia'' species) to the newly circumscribed genus '' Parmelina'' in 1974. In 2007, molecular phylogenetic analysis was used on specimens collected from around the world, which showed that the collection of specimens being called ''Parmelina quercina'' actually represented four distinct species. Not only were they genetically distinct, but they had distinctive morphological characteristics as well as unique geographic distributions. In addition to '' Parmelina carporrhizans'' (oceanic Europe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Molecular Phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical framew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Lichens Described In 1787 A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus, fungi species in a mutualism (biology), mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not plants. They may have tiny, leafless branches (fruticose); flat leaf-like structures (foliose); grow crust-like, adhering tightly to a surface (substrate) like a thick coat of paint (crustose); have a powder-like appearance (Leprose lichen, leprose); or other growth forms. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]