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Parmelina Quercina
''Parmelina quercina'' is a species of foliose lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is found in continental Europe. Taxonomy The lichen was first scientifically described by German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1787, as ''Lichen quercinus''. Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio considered it better classified in ''Parmelia'', which at the time was a large genus that contained most foliose, or so-called "parmelioid" lichens. Mason Hale transferred it (and 40 other former ''Parmelia'' species) to the newly circumscribed genus '' Parmelina'' in 1974. In 2007, molecular phylogenetic analysis was used on specimens collected from around the world, which showed that the collection of specimens being called ''Parmelina quercina'' actually represented four distinct species. Not only were they genetically distinct, but they had distinctive morphological characteristics as well as unique geographic distributions. In addition to '' Parmelina carporrhizans'' (oceanic Europe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical framew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichens Described In 1787
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus, fungi species in a mutualism (biology), mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not plants. They may have tiny, leafless branches (fruticose); flat leaf-like structures (foliose); grow crust-like, adhering tightly to a surface (substrate) like a thick coat of paint (crustose); have a powder-like appearance (Leprose lichen, leprose); or other growth forms. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen Species
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( |
Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is somewhat comparable to the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), in which the Royal Botanic Gardens is also involved. A difference is that where IPNI does not indicate correct names, the ''Index Fungorum'' does indicate the status of a name. In the returns from the search page a currently correct name is indicated in green, while others are in blue (a few, aberrant usages of names are indicated in red). All names are linked to pages giving the correct name, with lists of synonyms. ''Index Fungorum'' is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi; the others are ''MycoBank'' and ''Fungal Names''. Current names in ''Index Fungorum'' (''Specie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were set forth in Carl Linnaeus's Linnaean taxonomy, system in ''Systema Naturae'', 10th edition (1758), as well as an unpublished work by Bernard de Jussieu, Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The idea of a unit-based system of biological classification was first mad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neotype
In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular taxon. In older usage (pre-1900 in botany), a type was a taxon rather than a specimen. A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a set that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a species description) and on the provision of type material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution. Type specimen According to a precise set of rules laid down in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), the scientific name of every taxon is almost a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austroparmelina
''Austroparmelina'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It contains species formerly placed in the genera '' Parmelina'' and '' Canoparmelia''. All species of ''Austroparmelina'' have an Australasian-South African distribution. Description ''Austroparmelina'' species have a grey, foliose thallus comprising somewhat linear to irregular lobes, and featuring short, simple rhizines. Their relatively large ascospores measure 9–18 by 4–8 μm and have a thick . The predominant secondary chemicals present in the genus are orcinol depsides such as lecanoric acid and gyrophoric acid Gyrophoric acid is a depside that can be found in the lichen ''Cryptothecia rubrocincta'' and in ''Xanthoparmelia pokomyi''. It can also be found in most of the species of the '' Actinogyra'', ''Lasallia'', and ''Umbilicaria'' genera Genus ( p .... Species *'' Austroparmelina chlorolecanorica'' (Elix) A.Crespo, Divakar & Elix (2010) *'' Austroparmelina conlabrosa'' (H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmelina Coleae
''Parmelina'' is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1974 by American lichenologist Mason Hale with ''Parmelina tiliacea'' assigned as the type species. Species *'' Parmelina atricha'' *''Parmelina carporrhizans'' *'' Parmelina coleae'' *''Parmelina cryptotiliacea'' *''Parmelina gyrophorica'' *''Parmelina kanakia'' *''Parmelina pastillifera'' *''Parmelina quercina'' *''Parmelina tiliacea'' *''Parmelina yalungana'' All species of ''Parmelina'' with a Australasian-South African distribution were transferred to the new genus ''Austroparmelina ''Austroparmelina'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It contains species formerly placed in the genera '' Parmelina'' and '' Canoparmelia''. All species of ''Austroparmelina'' have an Australasian-South African dis ...'' in 2010. References Parmeliaceae Lichen genera Taxa named by Mason Hale Lecanorales genera {{Parmeliaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macaronesia
Macaronesia (Portuguese: ''Macaronésia,'' Spanish: ''Macaronesia'') is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the North Atlantic, off the coasts of Africa and Europe. Each archipelago is made up of a number of List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic oceanic islands, which are formed by seamounts on the ocean floor whose peaks have risen above the ocean's surface. Some of the Macaronesian islands belong to Portugal, some belong to Spain, and the rest belong to Cape Verde. Politically, the islands belonging to Portugal and Spain are part of the European Union. Geologically, Macaronesia is part of the African Plate, African tectonic plate. Some of its islands – the Azores – are situated along the edge of that plate at the point where it abuts the Eurasian Plate, Eurasian and North American Plate, North American plates. In one biogeography, biogeographical system, the Cape Verde archipelago is in the Afrotropical realm while the other three archipelagos are in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmelina Carporrhizans
''Parmelina'' is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1974 by American lichenologist Mason Hale with ''Parmelina tiliacea'' assigned as the type species. Species *'' Parmelina atricha'' *'' Parmelina carporrhizans'' *'' Parmelina coleae'' *'' Parmelina cryptotiliacea'' *'' Parmelina gyrophorica'' *'' Parmelina kanakia'' *'' Parmelina pastillifera'' *''Parmelina quercina'' *''Parmelina tiliacea ''Parmelina tiliacea'' is a species of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the wo ...'' *'' Parmelina yalungana'' All species of ''Parmelina'' with a Australasian-South African distribution were transferred to the new genus '' Austroparmelina'' in 2010. References Parmeliaceae Lichen genera Taxa named by Mason Hale Lecanorales genera {{Parmeliaceae-stu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphology (biology)
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern, size), i.e. external morphology (or eidonomy), as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs, i.e. internal morphology (or anatomy). This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of gross structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. History The etymology of the word "morphology" is from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "form", and (), meaning "word, study, research". While the concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle (see Aristotle's biology), the field of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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