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Parietales
''Parietales'' is an order of flowering plants. It is a descriptive botanical name for ''placentae parietales'' (parietal placentation) that characterised those plants. Thus it could be used even today (for a taxon above the rank of family). The termination -''ales'' is only coincidentally identical to that appropriate to the rank of order. The name was used in several systems, such as (Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Melchior), and Wettstein, etc. although more recent systems such as the Cronquist system preferred the name ''Violales''. It persists as the parietal clade of Malpighiales The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinsett .... References Bibliography * * Historically recognized angiosperm orders {{rosid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wettstein System
A system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to Richard Wettstein's ''Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik'' (1901–1924). 3rd edition (1924) Outline Synopsis * Flagellatae p. 65 * Myxophyta p. 69 * Schizophyta ** Schizophyceae ** Schizomycetes * Zygophyta ** Peridinieae ** Bacillarieae *** Centricae *** Pennatae ** Conjugatae * Phaeophytae * Rhodophyta ** Bangieae ** Florideae * Euphallophyta ** Chlorophyceae ** Fungi *** Eumycetes **** Phycomycetes **** Ascomycetes **** Basidiomycetes *** Lichenes **** Ascolichenes **** Basidiolichenes * Cormophyta ** Archegoniatae *** Bryophyta **** Musci **** Hepaticae *** Pteridophyta **** Psilophytinae **** Lycopodiinae **** Psilotinae **** Equisetinae **** Isoëtinae **** Filicinae **** Cycadofilicinae ** Anthophyta *** Gymnospermae **** Cycadinae **** Bennettitinae **** Cordaitinae **** Gingkoinae **** Coniferae **** Gnetinae *** Angiospermae p. 467 **** Dicotyledone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bentham And Hooker
A taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants, was published in Bentham and Hooker's ''Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita'' in three volumes between 1862 and 1883. George Bentham (1800–1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911) were British botanists who were closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in England. Their system of botanical taxonomy was based on the principle of natural affinities and is considered as pre-Darwinian as it does not take evolution into account. The ''Genera plantarum'' classified an estimated 97,205 species into 202 families and 7,569 genera. Summary The system recognises the following main groups: * Class DICOTYLEDONES **DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I ***: Series 1. Thalamiflorae ***: Series 2. Disciflorae ***: Series 3. Calyciflorae **DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II ***: Series 1. Inferae ***: Series 2. Heteromerae ***: Series 3. Bicarpellatae **DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Violales
Violales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants and takes its name from the included family Violaceae; it was proposed by Lindley (1853). The name has been used in several systems, although some systems used the name Parietales for similar groupings. In the 1981 version of the influential Cronquist system, order Violales was placed in subclass Dilleniidae with a circumscription consisting of the families listed below. Some classifications such as that of Dahlgren placed the Violales in the superorder Violiflorae (also called Violanae). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system does not recognize order Violales; Violaceae is placed in order Malpighiales and the other families are reassigned to various orders as indicated. * order Violales Perleb 1826 *: family Achariaceae → order Malpighiales *: family Ancistrocladaceae → order Caryophyllales *: family Begoniaceae → order Cucurbitales *: family Bixaceae → order Malvales *: family Caricaceae → orde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malpighiales
The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinsettia, manchineel, rafflesia and coca plant, and are hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is not part of any of the classification systems based only on plant morphology. Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago ( Mya) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya. The Malpighiales are divided into 32 to 42 families, depending upon which clades in the order are given the taxonomic rank of family. In the APG III system, 35 families were recognized. Medusagynaceae, Quiinaceae, Peraceae, Malesherbiaceae, Turneraceae, Samydaceae, and Scyphostegiaceae were consolidated into other families. The largest family, by far, is the Euphorbiaceae, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order (biology)
Order ( la, wikt:ordo#Latin, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between Family_(biology), family and Class_(biology), class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes. An immediately higher rank, superorder, is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families. What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist, as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flowering Plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants that produce their seeds enclosed within a fruit. They are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders, 416 families, approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species. Angiosperms were formerly called Magnoliophyta (). Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants. They are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within their seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from the common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. The closest fossil relatives of flowering plants are uncertain and contentious. The earliest angiosperm fossils ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Descriptive Botanical Name
Descriptive botanical names are scientific names of groups of plants that are irregular, not being derived systematically from the name of a type genus. They may describe some characteristics of the group in general or may be a name already in existence before regularised scientific nomenclature. Descriptive names can occur above or at the rank of family. There is only a single descriptive below the rank of family (the subfamily Papilionoideae). Above the rank of family Descriptive names above the rank of family are governed by Article 16 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), which rules that a name above the rank of family may either be ‘automatically typified’ (such as Magnoliophyta and Magnoliopsida from the type genus ''Magnolia'') or be descriptive. Descriptive names of this type may be used unchanged at different ranks (without modifying the suffix). These descriptive plant names are decreasing in importance, becoming less common t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parietal Placentation
Placentation refers to the formation, type and structure, or arrangement of the placenta. The function of placentation is to transfer nutrients, respiratory gases, and water from maternal tissue to a growing embryo, and in some instances to remove waste from the embryo. Placentation is best known in live-bearing mammals (theria), but also occurs in some fish, reptiles, amphibians, a diversity of invertebrates, and flowering plants. In vertebrates, placentas have evolved more than 100 times independently, with the majority of these instances occurring in squamate reptiles. The placenta can be defined as an organ formed by the sustained apposition or fusion of fetal membranes and parental tissue for physiological exchange. This definition is modified from the original Mossman (1937) definition, which constrained placentation in animals to only those instances where it occurred in the uterus. In mammals In live bearing mammals, the placenta forms after the embryo implants into th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Systems Of Plant Taxonomy
This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification. A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants). There are two main criteria for this list. A system must be taxonomic, that is deal with many plants, by their botanical names. Secondly it must be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species. The 18th century saw some early systems, which are perhaps precursors rather than full taxonomic systems. A milestone event was the publication of ''Species Plantarum'' by Linnaeus which serve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Engler And Prantl
One of the prime systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler (1844–1930), and is featured in two major taxonomic texts he authored or co-authored. His influence is reflected in the use of the terms "Engler School" and "Engler Era". Engler's starting point was that of Eichler who had been the first to use phylogenetic principles, although Engler himself did not think that he was. Engler's works His modified Eichler schema first appeared in 1886 in his ''Guide to Breslau Botanic Garden'' (of which he was the director) and was expanded in his ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' in 1892. This reflected the new post-Darwinian perspective. Engler's ''Syllabus'' first appeared in 1892 with the title ''Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik''. Many subsequent editions have appeared since, and it was continued after Engler's death in 1930. The most recent edition was the 13th in 2009. The other major work was ''Die N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melchior
Melchior is the name traditionally given to one of the biblical Magi appearing in the Gospel of Matthew. There are many notable people with this name, or close variations. As a first name * Melchior Anderegg (1828–1914), Swiss mountain guide * Melchior Berri (1801–1854), Swiss architect * Melchior Broederlam (c. 1350 – after 1409), Dutch painter * Melchior Cano (1525–1560), Spanish theologian * Melchior Cibinensis, 16th century Hungarian alchemical writer * Melchior Goldast (1576–1635), Swiss writer * Melchior d'Hondecoeter (1636–1695), Dutch animalier * Melchior de Polignac (1661–1742), French diplomat, Roman Catholic cardinal * Melchior de Vogüé (1848–1910), French diplomat, travel writer, archaeologist, philanthropist * Melchior Franck (1579–1639), German composer * Melchior Grodziecki (1584–1619), Catholic saint * Melchior Hoffman (c. 1495–1543), German-Dutch Anabaptist prophet * Melchior Inchofer (c. 1584–1648), Jesuit who took part in Galileo's tri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronquist System
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) (''see'' Bibliography). Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida ( dicotyledons) and Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida and 19 orders and 65 families in class Liliopsida. ''The Evo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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