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Papilio Iswaroides
''Papilio iswaroides'' is a species of swallowtail butterfly from the genus ''Papilio'' that is found in Malaysia and Sumatra. It was first described by German entomologist Hans Fruhstorfer in 1898. Subspecies *''Papilio iswaroides iswaroides'' (Sumatra) *''Papilio iswaroides curtisi'' Jordan, 1909 (Peninsular Malaya) Taxonomy ''Papilio iswaroides'' is a member of the ''helenus'' species-group. The members of this clade are *''Papilio helenus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''Papilio iswara'' White, 1842 *''Papilio iswaroides'' Fruhstorfer, 1898 *''Papilio nephelus'' Boisduval, 1836 *''Papilio nubilus'' Staudinger, 1895 *''Papilio sataspes ''Papilio sataspes'' is a species of swallowtail butterfly from the genus ''Papilio'' that is found in Sulawesi and Banggai. Subspecies *''Papilio sataspes sataspes'' (Sulawesi) *''Papilio sataspes artaphernes'' Honrath, 1886 (Bangkai Island) ...'' C. & R. Felder, 1865 References iswaroides Butterflies described in 1898 Butterflies of Indo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fruhstorfer
Hans Fruhstorfer (7 March 1866, in Passau, Germany – 9 April 1922, in Munich) was a German explorer, insect trader and entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He collected and described new species of exotic butterflies, especially in Adalbert Seitz's ''Macrolepidoptera of the World''. He is best known for his work on the butterflies of Java. His career began in 1888 when he spent two years in Brazil. His expedition in Brazil was financially successful and led to his becoming a professional collector. After his successful endeavor, he spent some time in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), then in 1890 he went to Java for three years, visiting Sumatra. Between 1895 and 1896 he collected in Sulawesi, Lombok and Bali. In 1899, he went on a three-year journey to the United States, Oceania, Japan, China, Tonkin, Annam and Siam, returning via India. Following his travels, he settled in Geneva where he wrote monographs based on the specimens in his extensive private collection. Many of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladistics
Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies'')'' that are not present in more distant groups and ancestors. However, from an empirical perspective, common ancestors are inferences based on a cladistic hypothesis of relationships of taxa whose character states can be observed. Theoretically, a last common ancestor and all its descendants constitute a (minimal) clade. Importantly, all descendants stay in their overarching ancestral clade. For example, if the terms ''worms'' or ''fishes'' were used within a ''strict'' cladistic framework, these terms would include humans. Many of these terms are normally used paraphyletically, outside of cladistics, e.g. as a 'grade', which are fruitless to precisely delineate, especially when including extinct species. R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butterflies Described In 1898
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the large superfamily Papilionoidea, which contains at least one former group, the skippers (formerly the superfamily "Hesperioidea"), and the most recent analyses suggest it also contains the moth-butterflies (formerly the superfamily "Hedyloidea"). Butterfly fossils date to the Paleocene, about 56 million years ago. Butterflies have a four-stage life cycle, as like most insects they undergo complete metamorphosis. Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in a chrysalis. When metamorphosis is complete, the pupal skin splits, the adult insect climbs out, and after its wings have expanded and dried, it fli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papilio Sataspes
''Papilio sataspes'' is a species of swallowtail butterfly from the genus ''Papilio'' that is found in Sulawesi and Banggai. Subspecies *''Papilio sataspes sataspes'' (Sulawesi) *''Papilio sataspes artaphernes'' Honrath, 1886 (Bangkai Island) Taxonomy ''Papilio sataspes'' is a member of the ''helenus'' species-group. The members of this clade are *''Papilio helenus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Papilio iswara'' White, 1842 *'' Papilio iswaroides'' Fruhstorfer, 1898 *''Papilio nephelus ''Papilio nephelus'' is a species of swallowtail butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae. Subspecies include ''P. n. chaon'', the yellow Helen, and ''P. n. sunatus'', the black and white Helen. Description ''Papilio nephelus'' has a wi ...'' Boisduval, 1836 *'' Papilio nubilus'' Staudinger, 1895 *''Papilio sataspes'' C. & R. Felder, 1865 Protection Protected in Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park. References sataspes Butterflies described in 1865 Butterflies of Indonesia Ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papilio Nubilus
''Papilio nubilus'' is a rare species of swallowtail butterfly from the genus ''Papilio'' that can be found in Borneo. Previously listed as a distinct species ( D'Abrera 1982, Munroe 1961), but now regarded (by Collins & Morris 1985, Tsukada & Nishiyama 1982: 307) as an interspecific hybrid between ''Papilio nephelus'' and ''Papilio polytes''. Subspecies *''Papilio nubilus nubilus'' (northern Borneo) *''Papilio nubilus musianus'' Rothschild, 1899 (Upper Palembang district) Taxonomy ''Papilio nubilus'' is a member of the ''helenus'' species-group. Other members of this clade are *''Papilio helenus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''Papilio iswara'' White, 1842 *''Papilio iswaroides'' Fruhstorfer, 1898 *''Papilio nephelus ''Papilio nephelus'' is a species of swallowtail butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae. Subspecies include ''P. n. chaon'', the yellow Helen, and ''P. n. sunatus'', the black and white Helen. Description ''Papilio nephelus'' has a wi ...'' Boisduval, 1836 *'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papilio Nephelus
''Papilio nephelus'' is a species of swallowtail butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae. Subspecies include ''P. n. chaon'', the yellow Helen, and ''P. n. sunatus'', the black and white Helen. Description ''Papilio nephelus'' has a wingspan reaching about . The basic colour of the wings is black, with a chain of white spots on the forewing and a large white or yellow area on the hindwing. The underside and the upperside of the wings in this species are very similar. The hindwings have wavy margins, with long tails. The thorax and the abdomen are black. ''Papilio nephelus'' superficially closely resembles '' P. helenus''. The differences are, however, both of structure and of colour. Male forewing upperside: entirely without the thick coating of short hairs on the outer half. Upperside: black with a sprinkling of yellowish-brown scales on the forewing, that form four longitudinal streaks on the cell and internervular streaks on the outer half. Hindwing: the upper discal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papilio Iswara
''Papilio iswara'', the great Helen, is a species of large swallowtail butterfly found in parts of Southeast Asia. Status ''Papilio iswara'' is not uncommon and not Threatened species, threatened. Subspecies *''Papilio iswara iswara'' (southern Burma to Singapore, Sumatra, Bangka) *''Papilio iswara araspes'' C. & R. Felder, 1859 (northern Borneo, Natuna Island) Taxonomy ''Papilio iswara'' is a member of the ''helenus'' species group. The members of this Cladistics, clade are: *''Papilio helenus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''Papilio iswara'' White, 1842 *''Papilio iswaroides'' Fruhstorfer, 1898 *''Papilio nephelus'' Boisduval, 1836 *''Papilio nubilus'' Staudinger, 1895 *''Papilio sataspes'' C. & R. Felder, 1865 Type material The holotype is conserved in the Natural History Museum, London. References *Adam White (zoologist), White, A., 1842, Notice of two New Species of ''Papilio'' from Penang, presented to the British Museum by Sir. Wm. Norris. ''Entomological Magazine, Entomologist'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papilio Helenus
''Papilio helenus'', the red Helen, is a large swallowtail butterfly found in forests of southern India and parts of southeast Asia. Range ''Papilio helenus'' is rarely found in Sri Lanka, southern and north-east India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, Vietnam, southern China (including Hainan, Guangdong province), Taiwan, southern Japan, South Korea, Ryukyu Islands, peninsular and eastern Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, and Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bangka, Kalimantan, the Lesser Sunda Islands except Tanimbar). In India it occurs along the Western Ghats from Kerala to Gujarat, also Palnis and Shevaroys, in the north from Mussoorie eastwards, to north-east India and onto Myanmar. Description Status ''Papilio helenus'' is generally uncommon and slightly threatened ( in certain places) . It is very commonly found Maharashtra, but also rarely in Gujarat and parts of Kerala. Its history can be traced back to Assam and Western Ghats, where it is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Group
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, macrospecies, and superspecies are also in use. Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as bacterial strains or plant varieties), that is complex but it is not a species complex. A species complex is in most cas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. The most recent rigorous estimate for the total number of species of eukaryotes is between 8 and 8.7 million. However, only about 14% of these had been described by 2011. All species (except viruses) are given a two-part name, a "binomial". The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs. The second part is called the specific name or the specific epithet (in botanical nomenclature, also sometimes i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Fruhstorfer
Hans Fruhstorfer (7 March 1866, in Passau, Germany – 9 April 1922, in Munich) was a German explorer, insect trader and entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He collected and described new species of exotic butterflies, especially in Adalbert Seitz's ''Macrolepidoptera of the World''. He is best known for his work on the butterflies of Java. His career began in 1888 when he spent two years in Brazil. His expedition in Brazil was financially successful and led to his becoming a professional collector. After his successful endeavor, he spent some time in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), then in 1890 he went to Java for three years, visiting Sumatra. Between 1895 and 1896 he collected in Sulawesi, Lombok and Bali. In 1899, he went on a three-year journey to the United States, Oceania, Japan, China, Tonkin, Annam and Siam, returning via India. Following his travels, he settled in Geneva where he wrote monographs based on the specimens in his extensive private collection. Many of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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