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PAPOLA
Poly(A) polymerase alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PAPOLA'' gene. PAPOLA binds to FIP1L1 (Factor interacting with PAPOLA and CPSF1), a subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 1 (CPSF1) complex. This complex polyadenylates the 3' end of precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNA) (see CPSF). CPSF1 is an RNA processing protein that binds to uracil-rich sequences in pre-mRNA, binds with and stimulates POPOLA's Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase activity, and thereby adds adenylyl residues to pre-mRNA. This poly-adenylyl action increases pre mRNA's maturation and movement from the nucleus to cytoplasm while dramatically increasing the stability of the mRNA formed from pre-mRNA: FIP1L1 is a Pre-mRNA 3'-end-processing factor. ''FIP1L1'' gene fusions between it and either the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha (''PGDFRA'') or Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) genes are causes of certain human diseases associated with pathologically inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FIP1L1
Factor interacting with PAPOLA and CPSF1 (i.e, FIP1L1; also termed Pre-mRNA 3'-end-processing factor FIP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FIP1L1'' gene (also known as Rhe, FIP1, and hFip1). A medically important aspect of the ''FIP1L1'' gene is its fusion with other genes to form fusion genes which cause clonal hypereosinophilia and leukemic diseases in humans. Gene The human ''FIP1L1'' gene is located on chromosome 4 at position q12 (4q12), contains 19 exons, and codes for a complete protein consisting of 594 amino acids. However, alternative splicing of its Precursor mRNA results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct FIP1L1 protein isoforms. The ''FIP1L1'' gene is found in a wide range of species, being designated as FIP1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and fip1l1 in coho salmon as well as mice and numerous other mammalian species. In humans, an interstitial chromosomal deletion of about 800 kilobases at 4q12 deletes the ''CHIC2'' gene (i.e.c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase
In enzymology, a polynucleotide adenylyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :ATP + RNA-3'OH \rightleftharpoons pyrophosphate + RNApA-3'OH Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and RNA, whereas its two products are pyrophosphate and RNA with an extra adenosine nucleotide at its 3' end. Human genes with this activity include TUT1, MTPAP, PAPOLA, PAPOLB, PAPOLG, TENT2, TENT4A, TENT4B, TENT5C, TENT5D. Naming This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:polynucleotide adenylyltransferase. Other names in common use include: * NTP polymerase * RNA adenylating enzyme * AMP polynucleotidylexotransferase * ATP-polynucleotide adenylyltransferase * ATP:polynucleotidylexotransferase * Poly(A) polymerase * Poly(A) synthetase * Polyadenylate nucleotidyltransferase * Polyadenylate polymerase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CPSF1
Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CPSF1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba .... In most cases eukaryotic pre-messenger(m)RNA 3 prime ends are processed in two coordinated steps. First there is a site-specific cleavage by an endonuclease and then the addition of a poly(A) tail at the 3 prime end of the 5 prime cleavage product. Cleavage requires four multisubunit complexes, namely cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF), cleavage stimulation factor (CstF), cleavage factors Im and IIm (CFIm and CFIIm), along with a single subunit poly(A)polymerase (PAP). CPSF1 is the largest component of the CPSF complex composed of CPSF1, CPSF2, CPSF3, CPSF4, FIP1L1, Symplekin and WDR33 and lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directionality (molecular Biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. In a single strand of DNA or RNA, the chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide pentose-sugar-ring means that there will be a 5′ end (usually pronounced "five-prime end"), which frequently contains a phosphate group attached to the 5′ carbon of the ribose ring, and a 3′ end (usually pronounced "three-prime end"), which typically is unmodified from the ribose -OH substituent. In a DNA double helix, the strands run in opposite directions to permit base pairing between them, which is essential for replication or transcription of the encoded information. Nucleic acids can only be synthesized in vivo in the 5′-to-3′ direction, as the polymerases that assemble various types of new strands generally rely on the energy produced by breaking nucleoside triphosphate bonds to attach new nucleoside monophosphates to the 3′- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Precursor MRNA
Precursor or Precursors may refer to: *Precursor (religion), a forerunner, predecessor ** The Precursor, John the Baptist Science and technology * Precursor (bird), a hypothesized genus of fossil birds that was composed of fossilized parts of unrelated animals * Precursor (chemistry), a compound that participates in the chemical reaction that produces another compound * Precursor (physics), a phenomenon of wave propagation in dispersive media * Precursor in the course of a disease, a state preceding a particular stage in that course * Precursor cell (biology), a unipotent stem cell * Earthquake precursor, a diagnostic phenomenon that can occur before an earthquake * Gehrlein Precursor, a glider * LNWR Precursor Class (other), classes of passenger locomotives developed for the London and North Western Railway Fiction *Precursors Halo (series), an extremely advanced race that preceded and were destroyed by The Forerunners * ''Precursor'' (novel), a 1999 novel set in C. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CPSF
Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) is involved in the cleavage of the 3' signaling region from a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) molecule in the process of gene transcription. It is the first protein to bind to the signaling region near the cleavage site of the pre-mRNA, to which the poly(A) tail will be added by polynucleotide adenylyltransferase. The upstream signaling region has the canonical nucleotide sequence AAUAAA, which is highly conserved across the vast majority of pre-mRNAs. A second downstream signaling region, located on the portion of the pre-mRNA that is cleaved before polyadenylation, consists of a GU-rich region required for efficient processing. Structure CPSF is a protein complex, consisting of four proteins: CPSF-73, CPSF-100, CPSF-30 and CPSF-160. CPSF-73 is a zinc-dependent hydrolase which cleaves the mRNA precursor just downstream the polyadenylation signal sequence AAUAAA. CPSF-160 is the largest subunit of CPSF and d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uracil
Uracil () (symbol U or Ura) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid RNA. The others are adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In DNA, the uracil nucleobase is replaced by thymine (T). Uracil is a demethylated form of thymine. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. The name "uracil" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900 by Alberto Ascoli, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein; it was also found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. It is a planar, unsaturated compound that has the ability to absorb light. Based on 12C/13C isotopic ratios of organic compounds found in the Murchison meteorite, it is believed that uracil, xanthine, and related molecules can also be formed extraterrestrially. Data from the Cassini mission, orbiting in the Saturn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenosine Monophosphate
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine; it is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl-. AMP plays an important role in many cellular metabolic processes, being interconverted to Adenosine diphosphate, ADP and/or Adenosine triphosphate, ATP. AMP is also a component in the synthesis of RNA. AMP is present in all known forms of life. Production and degradation AMP does not have the high energy phosphoanhydride bond associated with ADP and ATP. AMP can be produced from Adenosine diphosphate, ADP: : 2 ADP → ATP + AMP Or AMP may be produced by the hydrolysis of one high energy phosphate bond of ADP: : ADP + H2O → AMP + phosphate, Pi AMP can also be formed by hydrolysis of Adenosine triphosphate, ATP into AMP and pyrophosphate: : ATP + H2O → AMP + pyrophosphate, PPi When RNA i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fusion Gene
A fusion gene is a hybrid gene formed from two previously independent genes. It can occur as a result of translocation, interstitial deletion, or chromosomal inversion. Fusion genes have been found to be prevalent in all main types of human neoplasia. The identification of these fusion genes play a prominent role in being a diagnostic and prognostic marker. History The first fusion gene was described in cancer cells in the early 1980s. The finding was based on the discovery in 1960 by Peter Nowell and David Hungerford in Philadelphia of a small abnormal marker chromosome in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia—the first consistent chromosome abnormality detected in a human malignancy, later designated the Philadelphia chromosome. In 1973, Janet Rowley in Chicago showed that the Philadelphia chromosome had originated through a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and not through a simple deletion of chromosome 22 as was previously thought. Several investigators in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDGFRA
PDGFRA, i.e. platelet-derived growth factor receptor A, also termed PDGFRα, i.e. platelet-derived growth factor receptor α, or CD140a i.e. Cluster of Differentiation 140a, is a receptor located on the surface of a wide range of cell types. This receptor binds to certain isoforms of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and thereby becomes active in stimulating cell signaling pathways that elicit responses such as cellular growth and differentiation. The receptor is critical for the development of certain tissues and organs during embryogenesis and for the maintenance of these tissues and organs, particularly hematologic tissues, throughout life. Mutations in the gene which codes for PDGFRA, i.e. the ''PDGFRA'' gene, are associated with an array of clinically significant neoplasms, notably ones of the clonal hypereosinophilia class of malignancies, as well as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Overall structure This gene encodes a typical receptor tyrosine kinase, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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