|
Pyrocitric Acid
Pyrocitric is a group of organic chemical compounds pertaining to, or designating, any one of three acids obtained by the distillation of citric acid, and called respectively citraconic, itaconic, and mesaconic acid Mesaconic acid is one of several isomeric carboxylic acids obtained from citric acid. It is a colorless solid. Synthesis and reactions It is prepared from citric acid, which is first converted to itaconic anhydride by dehydration and decarboxy .... References External links * Citric acid cycle compounds {{organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.Clayden, J.; Greeves, N. and Warren, S. (2012) ''Organic Chemistry''. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. . Study of structure determines their structural formula. Study of properties includes physical and chemical properties, and evaluation of chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactions includes the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical ( in silico) study. The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but also containing other elements, especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (included in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citric Acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms. More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. It is used widely as an acidifier, as a flavoring, and a chelating agent. A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solution. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When part of a salt, the formula of the citrate anion is written as or . Natural occurrence and industrial production Citric acid occurs in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8% of the dry weight of these fruits (about 47 g/L in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citraconic Acid
Citraconic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3C2H(CO2H)2. It is a white solid. It is the ''cis''- isomer of mesaconic acid. It is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid. Citraconic acid can be produced, albeit inefficiently, by oxidation of xylene and methylbutanols. The acid displays the unusual property of spontaneously forming the anhydride, which, unlike maleic anhydride, is a liquid at room temperature. In the laboratory, citraconic acid can be produced by thermal isomerization of itaconic acid anhydride to give citraconic anhydride, which can be hydrolyzed to citraconic acid. The required itaconic acid anhydride is obtained by dry distillation of citric acid Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in .... References Dicarbox ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Itaconic Acid
Itaconic acid, or methylidenesuccinic acid, is an organic compound. This dicarboxylic acid is a white solid that is soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone. Historically, itaconic acid was obtained by the distillation of citric acid, but currently it is produced by fermentation. The name ''itaconic acid'' was devised as an anagram of aconitic acid, another derivative of citric acid. Production Since the 1960s, it is produced industrially by the fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose or molasses using fungi such as '' Aspergillus itaconicus'' or ''Aspergillus terreus''. For ''A. terreus'' the itaconate pathway is mostly elucidated. The generally accepted route for itaconate is via glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and a decarboxylation of ''cis''-aconitate to itaconate via ''cis''-aconitate-decarboxylase. The smut fungus ''Ustilago maydis'' uses an alternative route. ''Cis''-aconitate is converted to the thermodynamically favoured ''trans''-aconitate via aconitate- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mesaconic Acid
Mesaconic acid is one of several isomeric carboxylic acids obtained from citric acid. It is a colorless solid. Synthesis and reactions It is prepared from citric acid, which is first converted to itaconic anhydride by dehydration and decarboxylation. Itaconic acid anhydride is isomerized to citraconic anhydride, which is hydrolyzed and the resulting acid further isomerized under acid-catalysis to give mesaconic acid. Hydration of mesaconic acid, a conversion catalyzed by mesaconyl-C4-CoA hydratase, gives citramalic acid. History This acid was studied for the first time by Jacobus H. van 't Hoff in 1874. It was later shown to be produced by ''Clostridium tetanomorphum''. Further studies showed that this organic compound is involved in the biosynthesis of vitamin B12. It is a competitive inhibitor of fumarate reduction. The compound has been considered as a renewable precursor to the commodity chemical methacrylic acid Methacrylic acid, abbreviated MAA, is an organic compoun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
