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Psilocybe Weraroa
''Psilocybe weraroa'' (formerly ''Weraroa novae-zelandiae'') is a secotioid fungus in the family '' Hymenogastraceae''. It is endemic to New Zealand. This species is closely related to '' Psilocybe cyanescens'' and is in the ''Cyanescens'' phylogenetic clade. As a bluing member of the genus ''Psilocybe'' it contains the psychoactive compounds psilocin and psilocybin. Taxonomy and naming The species was first described in the literature in 1924 by the New Zealand-based mycologist Gordon Heriot Cunningham, under the name ''Secotium novae-zelandiae''. Rolf Singer transferred it to ''Weraroa'' in 1958. Phylogenetic analysis by Moncalvo (2002) and Bridge et al. (2008) has demonstrated the close relationship between ''Weraroa novae-zelandiae'' and the hallucinogenic blue-staining group of ''Psilocybe'', particularly '' Psilocybe subaeruginosa''. Phylogenetic analysis published by Borovička and colleagues (2011) showed this species is very close to '' Psilocybe cyanescens''. Given ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Cubensis
''Psilocybe cubensis ''is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principal active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Commonly called shrooms, magic mushrooms, golden halos, cubes, or gold caps, it belongs to the fungus family Hymenogastraceae and was previously known as ''Stropharia cubensis''. It is the best-known psilocybin mushroom due to its wide distribution and ease of cultivation. Taxonomy and naming The species was first described in 1906 as ''Stropharia cubensis'' by American mycologist Franklin Sumner Earle in Cuba. In 1907, it was identified as ''Naematoloma caerulescens'' in Tonkin (now northern Vietnam) by French pharmacist and mycologist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard, while in 1941, it was called ''Stropharia cyanescens'' by William Alphonso Murrill near Gainesville in Florida. German-born mycologist Rolf Singer moved the species into the genus ''Psilocybe'' in 1949, giving it the binomial name ''Psilocybe cubensis''. The synonyms were later also as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egon Horak
Egon Horak (born Innsbruck in 1937) is an Austrian mycologist who has described more than 1000 species of fungi, including many from the Southern Hemisphere, particularly New Zealand and South America. He was an executive editor of the scientific journal ''Sydowia'' from 1975 to 1989, and a member of the editorial board afterwards. He was previously married to the Swiss-Australian entomologist Marianne Horak. Selected publications *Horak, E.; Moser, M. (1965). Fungi Austroamericani. XII. Studien zur Gattung Thaxterogaster Singer. Nova Hedwigia 10 (1,2): 211–241. *Horak, E. (1971). Contributions to the knowledge of the Agaricales s.l. (Fungi) of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 9 (3): 463–493. *Moser, M.; Horak, E. (1975). ''Cortinarius'' Fr. und nahe verwandte Gattungen in Südamerika. Nova Hedwigia Beihefte 52: 1–628. *Horak, E. (1977, publ. 1978). ''Entoloma'' in South America I. Sydowia 30 (1-6): 40–111. *Horak, E. (1979, publ. 1980). Fungi, Basidiomycetes. Ag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastón Guzmán
Gastón Guzmán Huerta (August 26, 1932 – January 12, 2016), a Mexican mycologist and anthropologist, was an authority on the genus ''Psilocybe''. Career He was born in Xalapa, Veracruz, in 1932. His interest in mycology began in 1955 when as a graduate student he decided to update his school's (National Polytechnic Institute) poorly kept collection of fungi. During his early field work he found a large assortment of species about which little was known at the time. This inspired him to choose fungi as the topic of his professional thesis. In 1957 Guzmán was invited by the University of Mexico to assist Rolf Singer, who would arrive to Mexico the following year to study the hallucinogenic mushroom genus ''Psilocybe''. Guzmán accepted and assisted Singer through his explorations in Mexico. While they were in the Huautla de Jiménez region, in their last day of the expeditions, they met R. Gordon Wasson. For Guzmán it was a "fructiferous meeting." In 1958, he published his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Specific Name (botany)
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the '' International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar or Group epithets must conform to the ''International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants'' (ICNCP). The code of nomenclature covers "all organisms traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants, whether fossil or non-fossil, including blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria), chytrids, oomycetes, slime moulds and photosynthetic protists with their taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups (but excluding Microsporidia)." The purpose of a formal name is to have a single name that is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. For example, the botanical name ''Bellis perennis'' denotes a plant species which is native to most of the countries of Europe and the Middle East, where it has accumulated various names in many languages. Later, the plant was introdu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogeny
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. All life on Earth is part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. In a ''rooted'' phylogenetic tree, each node with descendants represents the inferred most recent common ancestor of those descendants, and the edge lengths in some trees may be interpreted as time estimates. Each node is called a taxonomic unit. Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical taxonomic units, as they cannot be directly observed. Trees are useful in fields of biology such as bioinformatics, systematics, and phylogenetics. ''Unrooted'' trees illustrate only the relatedness of the leaf nodes and do not require the ancestral root to be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade, a group of organisms with a last common ancestor. There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other evolutionary narratives about ance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Fuscofulva
''Psilocybe fuscofulva'' is a species of mushroom in that grows on ''Sphagnum'' moss and rarely decaying wood in peat bogs in North America and Europe. It is the only species of ''Psilocybe'' currently known to not produce psilocybin or psilocin. The phylogenetic placement indicates its close relationship to ''Psilocybe silvatica'' and ''Psilocybe semilanceata''. It was previously most commonly known as ''Psilocybe atrobrunnea'' but the holotype does not exist and the neotype of this species was lost, so ''Psilocybe fuscofulva'', which was previously regarded as a synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ... but has a holotype, was resurrected to replace it. It is considered inedible. See also * List of ''Psilocybe'' species References External links fuscovulva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Semilanceata
''Psilocybe semilanceata'', commonly known as the liberty cap, is a species of fungus which produces the psychoactive compounds psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin. It is both one of the most widely distributed psilocybin mushrooms in nature, and one of the most potent. The mushrooms have a distinctive conical to bell-shaped cap, up to in diameter, with a small nipple-like protrusion on the top. They are yellow to brown, covered with radial grooves when moist, and fade to a lighter color as they mature. Their stipes tend to be slender and long, and the same color or slightly lighter than the cap. The gill attachment to the stipe is adnexed (narrowly attached), and they are initially cream-colored before tinting purple to black as the spores mature. The spores are dark purplish-brown in mass, ellipsoid in shape, and measure 10.5–15 by 6.5–8.5 micrometres. The mushroom grows in grassland habitats, especially wetter areas. But unlike '' P. cubensis'', the fungus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Angulospora
''Psilocybe angulospora'' is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. The species was described from Taiwan in 2015 and is also present in New Zealand, where it is considered introduced. As a blueing member of the genus ''Psilocybe'' it contains the psychoactive compounds psilocin and psilocybin. The fruitbodies have a small, extremely hygrophanous pale gold conical to bell-shaped cap, often with a prominent pointed central papilla, a slender whitish stipe, and fine narrowly spaced gills. In Taiwan, the mushrooms grow wild amongst grasses on heavily manured soil and on cow dung. In New Zealand they are most frequently found in the potting mix of nursery plants, in potted plants in garden centres, and outdoors in gardens and council landscaping where those plants have been planted. Taxonomy and naming ''Psilocybe angulospora'' was described from Taiwan in 2015 by Yen-Wen Wang and Shean-Shong Tzean, after reports of hallucinogenic mushroom poisonings in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Alutacea
''Psilocybe alutacea'' is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was described in 2006 and is known from Australia and New Zealand. It is corprophilous, growing on animal dung. The fruitbodies have a small conical or convex cap, subdistant gills with an adnate attachment, a slender brown stipe and a faint blueing reaction to damage. As a blueing member of the genus ''Psilocybe'' it contains the psychoactive compounds psilocin and psilocybin. Taxonomy and naming ''Psilocybe alutacea'' was described by Y.S. Chang and A.K. Mills in 2006. The holotype was collected by Chang in 1990 in Tasmania and deposited at the herbarium in Hobart, with the accession number HO132672. The species was placed in the ''Psilocybe'' section Semilanceatae according to Gúzman due to macroscopic and microscopic similarities with '' Psilocybe semilanceata''; notably a faint blueing reaction to damage, conical cap shape, adnate gill attachment and elipsoid-oval spores. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Aucklandiae
''Psilocybe aucklandiae'' is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae known from the Auckland Region of New Zealand, where it grows from clay soils in exotic pine plantations and native forests.Johnston P, Buchanan PK. The genus Psilocybe (Agaricales) in New Zealand. ''New Zealand Journal of Botany'' 1995;33(3):379-388. It is phylogenetically similar to or almost the same as '' Psilocybe zapotecorum'' from Mexico and South America. As a blueing member of the genus ''Psilocybe'' it contains the psychoactive compounds psilocin and psilocybin. Taxonomy ''Psilocybe aucklandiae'' was officially described in 1991 by Gastón Guzmán, Chris King and Victor Bandala in 'A new species of ''Psilocybe'' of section ''Zapotecorum'' from New Zealand.' The name is feminine; the original orthography is ''aucklandii'' which has a masculine suffix. The holotype is in New Zealand with accessioPDD 57236and was collected in the Waitakere Ranges while the isotype is in XAL, Mex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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