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Project Clear Vision
Project Clear Vision was a covert examination of Soviet-made biological bomblets conducted by the Battelle Memorial Institute under contract with the CIA. The legality of this project under the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) of 1972 is disputed. History The operation Project Clear Vision was conducted between 1997 and 2000, during the Clinton Administration. Miller, Judith, Engelberg, Stephen and Broad, William J.U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits, ''The New York Times'', September 4, 2001. Retrieved January 6, 2009. The project's stated goal was to assess the efficacy of bio-agent dissemination from bomblets. The program received criticism due to suspicions that its findings could possibly be used in a covert US bioweapons program. Reportage The secret project was disclosed in a September 2001 article in ''The New York Times''. Reporters Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg and William J. Broad collaborated to write the article. Shortly after the article appeare ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Armed Forces
The Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, the Red Army (1918–1946) and the Soviet Army (1946–1991), were the armed forces of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1922) and the Soviet Union (1922–1991) from their beginnings in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. In May 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued decrees forming the Russian Armed Forces, which subsumed much of the Soviet Armed Forces. Multiple sections of the former Soviet Armed Forces in the other, smaller Soviet republics gradually came under those republics' control. According to the all-union military service law of September 1925, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the Red Army, the Soviet Air Forces, Air Forces, the Soviet Navy, Navy, the State Political Directorate (OGPU), and the Internal Troops, convoy guards. The OGPU was later mad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bio-agent
Biological agents, also known as biological weapons or bioweapons, are pathogens used as weapons. In addition to these living or replicating pathogens, toxins and biotoxins are also included among the bio-agents. More than 1,200 different kinds of potentially weaponizable bio-agents have been described and studied to date. Some biological agents have the ability to adversely affect human health in a variety of ways, ranging from relatively mild allergic reactions to serious medical conditions, including serious injury, as well as serious or permanent disability or death. Many of these organisms are ubiquitous in the natural environment where they are found in water, soil, plants, or animals. Bio-agents may be amenable to "weaponization" to render them easier to deploy or disseminate. Genetic modification may enhance their incapacitating or lethal properties, or render them impervious to conventional treatments or preventives. Since many bio-agents reproduce rapidly and require ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arms Control
Arms control is a term for international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. Historically, arms control may apply to melee weapons (such as swords) before the invention of firearm. Arms control is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting participants through international treaties and agreements, although it may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country. Enactment Arms control treaties and agreements are often seen as a way to avoid costly arms races which could prove counter-productive to national aims and future peace. Some are used as ways to stop the spread of certain military technologies (such as nuclear weaponry or missile technology) in return for assurances to potential developers that they will not be victims of those tech ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tucker, Jonathan B
Jonathan B. Tucker (August 2, 1954 – July 31, 2011) was an American political scientist and expert on the chemical and biological weapons. Early life and education Tucker was born on August 2, 1954, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Deborah Tucker. Tucker earned a B.S. in biology from Yale University and a Ph.D. in political science (focusing on defense and arms control study) from MIT. Career After finishing his studies Tucker worked as an arms control specialist for the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, the U.S. Arms Control & Disarmament Agency, and the U.S. State Department. He was an editor at ''High Technology'' and ''Scientific American'' magazines and wrote about military technologies, biotechnology, and biomedical research. Tucker was a UN weapons biological inspector in Iraq in February 1995. From 1996, he served as founding director of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Project Jefferson
Project Jefferson was a covert U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency program designed to determine if the current anthrax vaccine was effective against genetically modified bacterium, genetically modified bacteria. The program's legal status under the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is disputed. History The operation Project Jefferson began in 1997 and was designed to reproduce a strain of genetically modified anthrax isolated by Russian scientists during the 1990s. The goal was to determine whether or not the strain was resistant to the Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed, commercially available U.S. anthrax vaccine.Tucker, Jonathan B.Biological Threat Assessment: Is the Cure Worse Than the Disease?", ''Arms Control Today'', October 2004. Retrieved January 6, 2009. Reportage The project was disclosed in a September 4, 2001 article in ''The New York Times''.Judith Miller (journalist), Miller, Judith, Engelberg, Stephen and William J. Broad, Broad, William J.U.S. Germ Warfare Research P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Project Bacchus
Project Bacchus was a covert investigation by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency to determine whether it is possible to construct a bioweapons production facility with off-the-shelf equipment. History The project Project Bacchus operated from 1999 to 2000 to investigate whether would-be terrorists could build an anthrax production facility and remain undetected. During the two-year simulation, the facility was constructed, and successfully produced an anthrax-like bacterium. The participating scientists were able to make about of highly refined bacterial particles.MacKenzie, Debora Anthrax in Florida and New York "the same strain", ''New Scientist'', October 18, 2001. Retrieved January 6, 2009. Reportage The secret Project Bacchus was disclosed in a September 2001 article in ''The New York Times''. Reporters Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg and William J. Broad collaborated on the article. Shortly after it appeared, they published a book containing further details. The book, ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Weapons And America's Secret War
Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It is a broad natural science that encompasses a wide range of fields and unifying principles that explain the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of life. Central to biology are five fundamental themes: the cell as the basic unit of life, genes and heredity as the basis of inheritance, evolution as the driver of biological diversity, energy transformation for sustaining life processes, and the maintenance of internal stability (homeostasis). Biology examines life across multiple levels of organization, from molecules and cells to organisms, populations, and ecosystems. Subdisciplines include molecular biology, physiology, ecology, evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and systematics, among others. Each of these fields applies a range of methods to investigate biological phenomena, including observation, experimentation, and mathematical modeling. Modern biology is grounded in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
