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Proculeian School
The Proculeian or Pegasian school was one of the two most important schools of law in ancient Rome during the 1st and 2nd centuries. Origin The Proculeians originally took their name from the prominent jurist Proculus, but later came to often be called "Pegasians" after the prominent Proculeian Plotius Pegasus. However, the tradition on which the school was based comes from the jurist Marcus Antistius Labeo. Labeo spent half the year convening sessions at actual schools with regular students, who then carried forth his views and perspectives on the law. They were often contrasted with the Sabinian school, a rival school operating in roughly the same time and place, and were (very generally) considered the more progressive of the two, while the Sabinians were seen as more advocates of legal conservatism. Proculeians were thought to "push a legal principle to all its logical consequences," and the legal tradition they inherited from Labeo was one of liberalism influenced by a keen un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), Roman Republic (509–27 BC) and Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) until the fall of the western empire. Ancient Rome began as an Italic settlement, traditionally dated to 753 BC, beside the River Tiber in the Italian Peninsula. The settlement grew into the city and polity of Rome, and came to control its neighbours through a combination of treaties and military strength. It eventually dominated the Italian Peninsula, assimilated the Greek culture of southern Italy ( Magna Grecia) and the Etruscan culture and acquired an Empire that took in much of Europe and the lands and peoples surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. It was among the largest empires in the ancient world, with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants, roughly 20% of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proculus (jurist)
Proculus ( fl. 1st century CE) was an ancient Roman jurist who founded a distinctive tradition of the interpretation of Roman law. His followers were known as the "Proculiani", or Proculeans, after him. The full name of Proculus is unknown. He apparently wrote at least eight books of legal epistles. Passages from his writings are repeatedly cited in legal digests, where his opinion is given in matters of dispute. Proculus appears to have developed the interpretations of the earlier jurist Marcus Antistius Labeo, on whose work he is said to have written a commentary.William Smith, ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', 1870, p. 541. Though Proculus did not always agree with Labeo, the two were usually paired in contrast with an alternative tradition identified with Ateius Capito and Masurius Sabinus, who founded the rival Sabinian school of interpretation, which was typically more conservative and rigid. The most famous topic of disagreement concerned the ownership of m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plotius Pegasus
(Lucius?) Plotius Pegasus was a Roman senator and jurisconsult active under the Flavian dynasty. He was suffect consul in an uncertain year, most likely 72 or 73, as the colleague of Lucius Cornelius Pusio Annius Messalla. Shortly after his ascension to the imperial throne, Domitian appointed Pegasus urban prefect, one of the most prestigious offices in a senatorial career. Family According to a scholiast on Juvenal, Pegasus and his brother Plotius Griphus were named by their father after ships he commanded as a trierarch, or naval commander. Professor Edward Champlin of Princeton University provides evidence to show that ships of the imperial fleet were often named after swift and powerful winged beasts. He makes the suggestion that their father should be identified with a "M.Plotius Paulus qui et Zosimus", whose tombstone was recovered at Rome. An inscription from Dalmatia mentions him, but it is broken where it contains his name: '' ..ius Pegasus''. Champlin makes a convinc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcus Antistius Labeo
Marcus Antistius Labeo (d. 10 or 11 AD) was a Roman jurist. Marcus Antistius Labeo was the son of Pacuvius Labeo, a jurist who caused himself to be slain after the defeat of his party at Philippi. Since his name was different from his father's, he was presumably adopted by an otherwise unknown Antistius. A member of plebeian nobility in easy circumstances young Labeo entered public life early. Marcus Antistius rose quickly to the praetorship; but undisguised antipathy for the new regime and brusque manner he occasionally gave expression to Republican sympathies in the Senate – what Tacitus calls his ''incorrupta libertas'' – proved an obstacle to his advancement. His rival, Ateius Capito, a loyal client of new ruling powers, was promoted by Caesar Augustus to the consulate even though Labeo was in line for the job. Smarting under the wrong done him, Labeo declined the office when it was offered to him in a subsequent year. From this time he seems to have devoted his whole ti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sabinian School
The Sabinian school was one of the two important schools of Law in Rome during the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. The Sabinians took their name from Masurius Sabinus but later were known as ''Cassians'' after Sabinus' student, Cassius Longinus. Sabinian views were based on the teachings of Gaius Ateius Capito, Sabinus' instructor and an adherent of conservatism in the reign of Augustus (27 BCE–14 CE). Among the few characteristics discernible in the attitude of the Sabinians was a legal conservatism reflecting their founder. In opposition to the Sabinians was the Proculeian school. A rivalry between the schools lasted well into the 2nd century, when they were united. The most famous head of the Sabinians was Salvius Julianus who succeeded Javolenus Priscus as head of the school.Tony Honoré Anthony Maurice Honoré, (30 March 1921 – 26 February 2019) was a British lawyer and jurist, known for his work on ownership, causation and Roman law.John Gardne''Tony Honoré as Teacher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masurius Sabinus
Masurius Sabinus, also Massurius, was a Roman jurist who lived in the time of Tiberius (reigned 14–37 AD). Unlike most jurists of the time, he was not of senatorial rank and was admitted to the equestrian order only rather late in life, by virtue of his exceptional ability and imperial patronage. Masurius was the first person to give "state-certified opinions" ''(publice respondere)'', a privilege granted by the emperor which marked increasing imperial control over the judicial process after the end of the Roman Republic. Before the Principate of Augustus, the value of legal opinions was based on the expertise of those who gave them. The passage in the ''Digest'' of Justinian that discusses the granting of Masurius's authority is thus a pivotal point in the history of Roman law. Masurius was a leader of the '' Sabiniani'', a school or sect of legal thought in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. He was succeeded by a line of jurists including Gnaeus Arulenus Caelius Sabinus (consul 6 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaius Ateius Capito (jurist)
Gaius Ateius Capito (about 30 BCE – 22 CE) was a Roman jurist in the time of emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He was consul suffectus in the year 5 from July to December as the colleague of Gaius Vibius Postumus. Life Capito was a son of the tribune of the same name, and was educated as a jurist by Aulus Ofilius. He was active as a jurist and a senator. Capito was a strong proponent of the principate which brought him in opposition to Marcus Antistius Labeo. In the year 11, he became ''curator aquarum'' and was responsible for water supply and regulation throughout the city of Rome.Frontinus, ''de aquis'' II 102 Four years later he and Lucius Arruntius were entrusted by Tiberius to work on a plan to confine the river Tiber after heavy floods, but the project was not carried out due to heavy resistance from the populace. Capito is attested as witnessing a number of legal documents. One was a ''senatus consultum'' that prohibited Senators, eques, and their descendants from ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digest (Roman Law)
The ''Digest'', also known as the Pandects ( la, Digesta seu Pandectae, adapted from grc, πανδέκτης , "all-containing"), is a name given to a compendium or digest of juristic writings on Roman law compiled by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 530–533 AD. It is divided into 50 books. The ''Digest'' was part of a reduction and codification of all Roman laws up to that time, which later came to be known as the (). The other two parts were a collection of statutes, the (Code), which survives in a second edition, and an introductory textbook, the Institutes; all three parts were given force of law. The set was intended to be complete, but Justinian passed further legislation, which was later collected separately as the (New Laws or, conventionally, the "Novels"). History The original ''Codex Justinianus'' was promulgated in April of 529 by the C. "Summa". This made it the only source of imperial law, and repealed all earlier codifications. However, it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papinian
Aemilius Papinianus (; grc, Αἰμίλιος Παπινιανός; 142 CE–212 CE), simply rendered as Papinian () in English, was a celebrated Roman jurist, ''magister libellorum'', attorney general (''advocatus fisci'') and, after the death of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus in 205 CE, praetorian prefect. Papinian was one of the most revered jurists in ancient Rome, as third year law students were given the title "''Papinianistae''" (meaning "they that are worthy to study Papinian"). In his time, he had been called "the Asylum of Right and Treasurer of the Laws". Along with Gaius, Paulus, Modestinus and Ulpian, he was made one of the five jurists whose recorded views were considered decisive by the Law of Citations of 426 CE; their views would later be considered the only suitable ones to be cited as primary sources for the ''Codex Theodosianus'' and the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', provided that Papinian's views prevailed whenever those of the four other jurists were not congruen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcus Cocceius Nerva (jurist)
Marcus Cocceius Nerva (before 5 BC – AD 33) was a member of the entourage of the Roman emperor Tiberius and a celebrated jurist. He was the son of Marcus Cocceius Nerva and the grandfather of emperor Nerva. In AD 24 Tiberius appointed him to the head of the '' curatores aquarum'', a three-man commission responsible for Rome's water supply.R. H. Rodgers"Curatores Aquarum" ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', 86 (1982), p. 172 In 33 he starved himself to death despite the pleas of Tiberius. In explanation Tacitus writes: "Those who knew his thoughts said that as he saw more closely into the miseries of the State, he chose, in anger and alarm, an honourable death, while he was yet safe and unassailed on."Tacitus, The Annals 6.26 From this we may infer that he despaired at the tyrannies of the Praetorian Guard and committed suicide as a form of protest and may have been worried about his own safety. In popular culture He was portrayed in the film '' Caligula'' by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcus Cocceius Nerva (emperor's Father)
Marcus Cocceius Nerva may refer to: *Marcus Cocceius Nerva (consul 36 BC), great-grandfather of the Roman emperor *Marcus Cocceius Nerva (jurist), grandfather of the Roman emperor *Marcus Cocceius Nerva, consul ''suffectus'' in 40 AD, father of the Roman emperor *Nerva, Roman emperor from 96 to 98 {{hndis, Cocceius Nerva, Marcus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Publius Juventius Celsus
Publius Juventius Celsus Titus Aufidius Hoenius Severianus (AD 67– AD 130) — the son of a little-known jurist of the same name, hence also Celsus filius — was, together with Julian, the most influential ancient Roman jurist of the High Classical era. Public life Celsus was presumably born in upper Italy, where the ''gentilicium'' of '' Juventius'' was common and where senatorial Juventii can also be found. In either 106 or 107, Celsus was praetor. In 114/115 he was governor of Thracia, and afterwards he became suffect consul for the ''nundinium'' of May to August 115 as the colleague of Lucius Julius Frugi. Celsus held the office of consul the second time as ''consul ordinarius'' for the year 129 with Lucius Neratius Marcellus as his colleague. He achieved the apex of a successful senatorial career when he became proconsul of Asia in 129/130.Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", ''Chiron'', 13 (1983), pp. 167f As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
