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Process Theory Of Composition
The process theory of composition (hereafter referred to as "process") is a field of composition studies that focuses on writing as a process rather than a product. Based on Janet Emig's breakdown of the writing process, the process is centered on the idea that students determine the content of the course by exploring the craft of writing using their own interests, language, techniques, voice, and freedom, and where students learn what people respond to and what they don't.Murray, Donald. "Teach Writing as a Process Not a Product." 1972. Reprinted in ''Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader''. Ed. Victor Villanueva. 2nd ed. Urbana: NCTE, 2003. Classroom activities often include peer work where students themselves are teaching, reviewing, brainstorming, and editing. History The ideas behind process were born out of increased college enrollment thanks to the GI Bill following World War II. Writing instructors began giving students more group work and found that, with guidance, student ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Composition Studies
Composition studies (also referred to as composition and rhetoric, rhetoric and composition, writing studies, or simply composition) is the professional field of writing, research, and instruction, focusing especially on writing at the college level in the United States. In most US and some Canadian colleges and universities, undergraduates take freshman or higher-level Composition (language), composition courses. To support the effective administration of these courses, there are developments of Basic research, basic and Applied science, applied research on the acquisition of writing skills, and an understanding of the history of the uses and transformation of writing systems and writing technologies (among many other subareas of research), over 70 American universities offer doctoral study in rhetoric and composition. These programs of study usually include Theories of rhetoric and composition pedagogy, composition pedagogical theory, linguistics, professional and technical commun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Janet Emig
Janet Emig (born October 12, 1928 in Cincinnati, Ohio) was an American composition scholar. She is known for her groundbreaking 1971 study ''The Composing Process of Twelfth Graders'' (''National Council of Teachers of English Research Report No. 13''), which contributed to the development of the process theory of composition. Her article, "Writing as a Mode of Learning" (1977) is also frequently cited and anthologized by the Writing Across the Curriculum movement. Life Janet A. Emig was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She learned to read from her great-aunt Eleanora Berne. In the 1930s she attended Williams Avenue Grade School in Norwood, Ohio, which espoused a Deweyan educational philosophy. Emig attended Mount Holyoke College for her undergraduate studies. She graduated magna cum laude and wrote a novel, ''The Sand and the Rock'' as her senior thesis. Emig attended the University of Michigan for her master's program, initially interested in her development as a creative writ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Writing Process
A writing process is a set of mental and physical steps that someone takes to create any type of text. Almost always, these activities require inscription equipment, either digital or physical: chisels, pencils, brushes, chalk, dyes, keyboards, touchscreens, etc.; each of these tools has unique affordances that influence writers' workflows. Writing processes are very individualized and task-specific; they frequently incorporate activities such as talking, drawing, reading, browsing, and other activities that are not typically associated with writing. Historical and contemporary perspectives In 1972, Donald M. Murray published a brief manifesto titled "Teach Writing as a Process Not Product", in which he argued that English teachers' conventional training in literary criticism caused them to hold students' work to unhelpful standards of highly polished "finished writing".Donald M. Murray, "Teach Writing as a Process Not Product" ''The Leaflet'' (November 1972), rpt. in ''Cross-Ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Elbow
Peter Henry Elbow (April 14, 1935 – February 6, 2025) was an American academic who was a professor of English at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he also directed the Writing Program from 1996 until 2000. As a scholar whose published work raised both academic and popular awareness of scholarship within the field of Rhetoric and Composition, Elbow’s research includes theory, practice, and pedagogy. He is one of the pioneers of freewriting. Background Peter Henry Elbow was born in New York City on April 14, 1935, one of three children born to C. William and Helen (née Platt) Elbow. He grew up in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, and spent his summers on Martha's Vineyard. In the introduction to the second edition of ''Writing Without Teachers'', Elbow says that his interest in writing practices came from his own difficulty with writing. He attended Proctor Academy and Williams College from 1953 to 1957. While at Exeter College, Oxford University, on scholarship from Wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donald Murray (writer)
Donald Morison Murray (September 16, 1924December 30, 2006)''Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014''. Social Security Administration. was an American journalist and English professor. He wrote for many journals, authored several books on the art of writing and teaching, and served as writing coach for several national newspapers. After writing multiple editorials about changes in American military policy for the ''Boston Herald'', he won the 1954 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing. For 20 years, he wrote the ''Boston Globe''s "Over 60" column, eventually renamed "Now And Then". He taught at the University of New Hampshire for 26 years. Early life and education Murray was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up nearby in Quincy. He graduated from Tilton School, a college preparatory school in Tilton, New Hampshire. A paratrooper during World War II, he attended the University of New Hampshire, graduating with a degree in English in 1948. He got his start as a copyboy at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sondra Perl
Sondra Perl is a Professor Emerita of English at Lehman College and director of the Ph.D. in Composition and Rhetoric at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She is the founder and former director of the New York City Writing Project. She writes about the composing process as well as pedagogical approaches to implementing composition theories into writing practices in the classroom. Biography Early life Born in Newark, New Jersey, Perl was the oldest of four children: two boys and two girls. Her father, a businessman, owned a fire alarm company, and her mother was a homemaker. After growing up in Millburn, New Jersey and graduating from Millburn High School, Perl moved to Boston to attend the all-female Simmons College. She graduated in 1969 with a degree in art history. Graduate work She began graduate studies at New York University in 1971 in a Masters in Arts and Sciences program. With a curiosity for teaching and how individuals learn, she switch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harvard University
Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyman John Harvard (clergyman), John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Harvard was founded and authorized by the Massachusetts General Court, the governing legislature of Colonial history of the United States, colonial-era Massachusetts Bay Colony. While never formally affiliated with any Religious denomination, denomination, Harvard trained Congregationalism in the United States, Congregational clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the Boston B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contact Zone
In ethnography, a contact zone is a conceptual space where different cultures interact. In a 1991 keynote address to the Modern Language Association titled "Arts of the Contact Zone", Mary Louise Pratt introduced the concept, saying "I use this term to refer to social spaces where cultures meet, clash and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths as they lived out in many parts of the world today". Pratt described a site for linguistic and cultural encounters, wherein power is negotiated and struggle occurs. Although when introduced this term was in the context of literacy and literary theories, the term has been appropriated to conversations across the humanities and has been used in the context of feminist theory, critical race theory, postcolonial theory and in discussions of teaching and pedagogy. The contact zone is similar to other concepts that address relationality and contiguity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post-process (theory Of Composition)
Post-processing may refer to: * Image editing in photography * Audio editing software in audio * Differential GPS post-processing, an enhancement to GPS systems that improves accuracy * Video post-processing The term post-processing (or postproc for short) is used in the video and film industry for quality-improvement image processing (specifically digital image processing) methods used in video playback devices, such as stand-alone DVD-Video players; ..., methods used in video processing and 3D graphics * Finite element model data post-processing, software that makes computer calculation output easier to understand {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Composition Studies
Composition studies (also referred to as composition and rhetoric, rhetoric and composition, writing studies, or simply composition) is the professional field of writing, research, and instruction, focusing especially on writing at the college level in the United States. In most US and some Canadian colleges and universities, undergraduates take freshman or higher-level Composition (language), composition courses. To support the effective administration of these courses, there are developments of Basic research, basic and Applied science, applied research on the acquisition of writing skills, and an understanding of the history of the uses and transformation of writing systems and writing technologies (among many other subareas of research), over 70 American universities offer doctoral study in rhetoric and composition. These programs of study usually include Theories of rhetoric and composition pedagogy, composition pedagogical theory, linguistics, professional and technical commun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Critical Pedagogy
Critical pedagogy is a philosophy of education and social movement that developed and applied concepts from critical theory and related traditions to the field of education and the study of culture. It insists that issues of social justice and democracy are not distinct from acts of teaching and learning. The goal of critical pedagogy is emancipation from oppression through an awakening of the critical consciousness, based on the Portuguese term '' conscientização''. When achieved, critical consciousness encourages individuals to effect change in their world through social critique and political action in order to self-actualize. Critical pedagogy was founded by the Brazilian philosopher and educator Paulo Freire, who promoted it through his 1968 book, '' Pedagogy of the Oppressed''. It subsequently spread internationally, developing a particularly strong base in the United States, where proponents sought to develop means of using teaching to combat racism, sexism, and oppre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
