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Princess Pei
Princess Pei (裴王后, personal name unknown) (died 354) was the wife of the Chinese state Former Liang's ruler Zhang Chonghua. Very little is known about her, including when Zhang Chonghua made her his princess. After Zhang Chonghua's death in 353, Zhang Chonghua's brother Zhang Zuo served as regent, and in early 354, he formally took over the role of ruler, with the approval of the mother of Zhang Chonghua, Princess Dowager Ma Princess Dowager Ma (馬太后, personal name unknown; died 362) was the mother of the Chinese state Former Liang's ruler Zhang Chonghua. She was a concubine of Zhang Chonghua's father Zhang Jun. Life Nothing is known about Lady Ma's acts durin ... (who was said to have had an affair with him). He then, for reasons unknown, executed Princess Pei. Former Liang princesses 354 deaths Year of birth unknown {{China-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of China
The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the reign of king Wu Ding. Ancient historical texts such as the '' Book of Documents'' (early chapters, 11th century BC), the '' Bamboo Annals'' (c. 296 BC) and the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' (c. 91 BC) describe a Xia dynasty before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period, and Shang writings do not indicate the existence of the Xia. The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is among the world's oldest civilizations and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization. The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Former Liang
The Former Liang (; 320–376) was a dynastic state, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms, in Chinese history. It was founded by the Zhang family of the Han ethnicity. Its territories included present-day Gansu and parts of Ningxia, Shaanxi, Qinghai and Xinjiang. All rulers of the Former Liang remained largely titularly under the court of the Eastern Jin dynasty as the Duke of Xiping except Zhang Zuo who proclaimed himself ''wang'' (prince/king). However, at times the other Former Liang rulers also used the ''wang'' title when imposed on them when they were forced to submit to their powerful neighbour states - initially the Han Zhao, then the Later Zhao, and finally Former Qin. In 327, the Gaochang commandery was created by the Former Liang under Zhang Jun. After this, significant Han settlement occurred in Gaochang, a major, large part of the population becoming Han. In 376, the final ruler of Former Liang Zhang Tianxi surrendered to Former Qin, ending the state. However, in the after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Chonghua
Zhang Chonghua (; 327–353), courtesy name Tailin (), formally Duke Jinglie of Xiping (西平敬烈公, posthumous name given by the Jin dynasty) or Duke Huan of Xiping (西平桓公, posthumous name used internally in Former Liang) was a ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang. During his reign, he often not only used the Jin-created title Duke of Xiping, but also used the title "Acting Prince of Liang" (). During the brief reign of his brother Zhang Zuo, he was honored as Prince Huan of Liang (). Early life In 327, Zhang was born. Zhang's father was Zhang Jun (Duke Zhongcheng), who had become the ruler of Former Liang in 324. Zhang's mother was Lady Ma, a concubine of Zhang Jun. Zhang's elder half-brother was Zhang Zuo, whose mother was not Princess Yan. In 333, at age six, Zhang became the heir apparent of Zhang Jun. It unclear why he was made heir apparent. In 339, at age 12, Zhang received some authority and the title of acting governor of Liang Province (涼州, mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Zuo
Zhang Zuo (; died 355), courtesy name Taibo (), formally Prince Wei of (Former) Liang () was a ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang. He was the only ruler of Former Liang to formally declare a break from Jin Dynasty (266–420), and historical sources variously report him as having declared himself an emperor (per ''Jin Shu'') or a prince (per ''Zizhi Tongjian''). He was commonly viewed as a usurper (having seized the throne from his nephew Zhang Yaoling after his brother Zhang Chonghua's death) and initially not acknowledged as a Former Liang ruler, but his brother Zhang Tianxi later nevertheless gave him the posthumous name of Wei. During the reigns of Zhang Chonghua and Zhang Yaoling Little is known about Zhang Zuo's personal background, other than that he was Zhang Jun's oldest son, but was not designated heir apparent. His younger brother Zhang Chonghua was, even though neither was born of Zhang Jun's wife Princess Yan. Neither his mother nor his birth year was r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princess Dowager Ma
Princess Dowager Ma (馬太后, personal name unknown; died 362) was the mother of the Chinese state Former Liang's ruler Zhang Chonghua. She was a concubine of Zhang Chonghua's father Zhang Jun. Life Nothing is known about Lady Ma's acts during Zhang Jun's reign, other than her status as his heir apparent's mother. This implies that Zhang Jun's wife Princess Yan had no sons. After Zhang Jun's death in 346, Zhang Chonghua succeeded him and honored her as "Empress Dowager" while honoring Princess Yan as "Grand Empress Dowager." After Zhang Chonghua died in 353, his son Zhang Yaoling carried the Jin Dynasty (266–420)-created title Duke of Xiping and was the titular ruler, but actual power was in Empress Dowager Ma's and Zhang Chonghua's older brother Zhang Zuo's hands. Most historians believed that she had an affair with Zhang Zuo, and later that year, she deposed Zhang Yaoling and replaced him with Zhang Zuo. In 355, however, the overly extravagant and cruel Zhang Zuo was depo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princess Of Former Liang
The Former Liang (; 320–376) was a dynastic state, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms, in Chinese history. It was founded by the Zhang family of the Han ethnicity. Its territories included present-day Gansu and parts of Ningxia, Shaanxi, Qinghai and Xinjiang. All rulers of the Former Liang remained largely titularly under the court of the Eastern Jin dynasty as the Duke of Xiping except Zhang Zuo who proclaimed himself ''wang'' (prince/king). However, at times the other Former Liang rulers also used the ''wang'' title when imposed on them when they were forced to submit to their powerful neighbour states - initially the Han Zhao, then the Later Zhao, and finally Former Qin. In 327, the Gaochang commandery was created by the Former Liang under Zhang Jun. After this, significant Han settlement occurred in Gaochang, a major, large part of the population becoming Han. In 376, the final ruler of Former Liang Zhang Tianxi surrendered to Former Qin, ending the state. However, in the afterm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princess Yan
Princess Yan (嚴王后, personal name unknown) was the wife of the Chinese state Former Liang's ruler Zhang Jun. It is not known when Zhang Jun married her, but it is known that she carried the title of princess even though Zhang, for most of his reign, used the Jin Dynasty (266–420)-created title of Duke of Xiping, and only late in his reign used the title "Acting Prince of Liang" (假涼王). After Zhang Jun's death in 346, his son and heir Zhang Chonghua honored her as "Grand Princess Dowager" and his own mother Lady Ma as "Princess Dowager." The fact that Zhang Chonghua was not her son but yet was made heir implies that she had no sons. No further reference was made to her, and by the time that Zhang Chonghua died in 353, she appeared to have died, because only Zhang Chonghua's mother Princess Dowager Ma was mentioned, not she. References * The first recognized ruler of Former Liang, Zhang Jun's uncle Zhang Mao Zhang Mao (; 277–324), courtesy name Chengxun ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Empress Xin (Zhang Zuo)
Empress Xin (辛皇后) or Princess Xin (辛王后, personal name unknown) was the wife of the Chinese state Former Liang's ruler Zhang Zuo. Whether her title was empress or princess is unclear, because historical sources differ on the subject. ''Jin Shu'', which reported that her husband claimed the title of emperor when he declared a total break from Jin Dynasty (266–420) in 354, reported that he created her empress. ''Zizhi Tongjian'', which reported that her husband claimed the title of prince, reported that he created her princess. Nothing else is known about her. In 355, when her husband was killed in a coup and replaced by his nephew Zhang Xuanjing, his two sons (whether by her or not) were also executed, but nothing was mentioned about her fate. References Historical sources appear to imply that the last ruler of the state, Zhang Tianxi, had a princess (who might have been the mother of his first heir apparent An heir apparent, often shortened to heir, is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Former Liang Princesses
A former is an object, such as a template, gauge or cutting die, which is used to form something such as a boat's hull. Typically, a former gives shape to a structure that may have complex curvature. A former may become an integral part of the finished structure, as in an aircraft fuselage, or it may be removable, being using in the construction process and then discarded or re-used. Aircraft formers Formers are used in the construction of aircraft fuselage, of which a typical fuselage has a series from the nose to the empennage, typically perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. The primary purpose of formers is to establish the shape of the fuselage and reduce the column length of stringers to prevent instability. Formers are typically attached to longerons, which support the skin of the aircraft. The "former-and-longeron" technique (also called stations and stringers) was adopted from boat construction, and was typical of light aircraft built until the ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
354 Deaths
__NOTOC__ Year 354 ( CCCLIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Constantius (or, less frequently, year 1107 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 354 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Emperor Constantius II recalls his Caesar (and cousin) Constantius Gallus to Constantinople after hearing unfavorable reports about him. Gallus, Caesar of the East, has suppressed revolts in Palestine and central Anatolia. Constantius strips him of his powers and later has him executed in Pola (Croatia). * The Roman Calendar of 354, an illuminated manuscript, is drawn up and becomes the earliest dated codex. Europe * As a result of the armies of the West having been largely withdrawn by the usurper M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
