Prince Carlos Of Bourbon-Parma
Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma and PiacenzaLL.AA.RR. Il Duca e la Duchessa di Parma e Piacenza
– Website of the Royal and Ducal House of Bourbon-Parma ''(Italian)'' (born 27 January 1970) is the current head of the House of Bourbon-Parma, as well a member of the Dutch Royal Family. He is the pretender, claimant to the abolished monarchy, defunct throne of the extinct Duchy of Parma. In addition, he is considered by some a contested pretender to the Carlism, Carlist claim to the throne of Spain under the name ''Carlos Javier I'' (English language, English: Charles Xavier I). In 2016 Carlos told the Spanish press that, while (like his father in 2005) he "does not abandon" his clai ...
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Duke Of Parma
The Duke of Parma and Piacenza () was the ruler of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, a historical state of Northern Italy, which existed between 1545 and 1802, and again from 1814 to 1859. The Duke of Parma was also Duke of Piacenza, except for the first years of the rule of Ottavio Farnese (1549–1556), and the time of the Napoleonic wars, when the two were established as separate positions held by two different individuals. The Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of Guastalla from 1746 (when Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor occupied the Duchy of Guastalla after the last Gonzaga duke died childless) until 1847 (when the territory was ceded to Modena), except for the Napoleonic era, when Napoleon's sister Pauline was briefly Duchess of Guastalla and of Varella. The last duke, Robert I, was driven from power in a revolution following France and Sardinia's victory over Austria. Its territory was merged into Sardinia in 1860. The position is currently claim ...
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