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Plakohypaphorine D
Plakohypaphorines are halogenated indolic non-proteinogenic amino acids named for their similarity to hypaphorine (''N,N,N''-trimethyltryptophan). First reported in the Caribbean sponge Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate throug ... ''Plakortis simplex'' in 2003, plakohypaphorines A-C were the first iodine-containing indoles to be discovered in nature. Plakohypaphorines D-F, also found in ''P. simplex'', were reported in 2004 by a group including the researchers who discovered the original plakohypaphorines. References *Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio et al., 2003. ''Plakohypaphorines A-C, Iodine-Containing Alkaloids from the Caribbean Sponge'' Plakortis simplex. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003(2), pp. 284–287. *Borrelli, Francesca, et al., 2004. ''Iodinated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halogenated
In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction that entails the introduction of one or more halogens into a compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is challenging. This article mainly deals with halogenation using elemental halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2). Halides are also commonly introduced using salts of the halides and halogen acids. Many specialized reagents exist for and introducing halogens into diverse substrates, e.g. thionyl chloride. Organic chemistry Several pathways exist for the halogenation of organic compounds, including free radical halogenation, ketone halogenation, electrophilic halogenation, and halogen addition reaction. The nature of the substrate determines the pathway. The facility of halogenation is influenced by the halogen. Fluorine and chlorine are more electrophilic and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plakohypaphorine B
Plakohypaphorines are halogenated indolic non-proteinogenic amino acids named for their similarity to hypaphorine (''N,N,N''-trimethyltryptophan). First reported in the Caribbean sponge Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate throug ... ''Plakortis simplex'' in 2003, plakohypaphorines A-C were the first iodine-containing indoles to be discovered in nature. Plakohypaphorines D-F, also found in ''P. simplex'', were reported in 2004 by a group including the researchers who discovered the original plakohypaphorines. References *Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio et al., 2003. ''Plakohypaphorines A-C, Iodine-Containing Alkaloids from the Caribbean Sponge'' Plakortis simplex. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003(2), pp. 284–287. *Borrelli, Francesca, et al., 2004. ''Iodinated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-proteinogenic Amino Acids
In biochemistry, non-coded or non-proteinogenic amino acids are distinct from the 22 proteinogenic amino acids (21 in eukaryotesplus formylmethionine in eukaryotes with prokaryote organelles like mitochondria) which are naturally encoded in the genome of organisms for the assembly of proteins. However, over 140 non-proteinogenic amino acids occur naturally in proteins and thousands more may occur in nature or be synthesized in the laboratory. Chemically synthesized amino acids can be called unnatural amino acids. Unnatural amino acids can be synthetically prepared from their native analogs via modifications such as amine alkylation, side chain substitution, structural bond extension cyclization, and isosteric replacements within the amino acid backbone. Many non-proteinogenic amino acids are important: * intermediates in biosynthesis, * in post-translational formation of proteins, * in a physiological role (e.g. components of bacterial cell walls, neurotransmitters and toxins), * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plakohypaphorine F
Plakohypaphorines are halogenated indolic non-proteinogenic amino acids named for their similarity to hypaphorine (''N,N,N''-trimethyltryptophan). First reported in the Caribbean sponge Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate throug ... ''Plakortis simplex'' in 2003, plakohypaphorines A-C were the first iodine-containing indoles to be discovered in nature. Plakohypaphorines D-F, also found in ''P. simplex'', were reported in 2004 by a group including the researchers who discovered the original plakohypaphorines. References *Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio et al., 2003. ''Plakohypaphorines A-C, Iodine-Containing Alkaloids from the Caribbean Sponge'' Plakortis simplex. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003(2), pp. 284–287. *Borrelli, Francesca, et al., 2004. ''Iodinated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plakohypaphorine E
Plakohypaphorines are halogenated indolic non-proteinogenic amino acids named for their similarity to hypaphorine (''N,N,N''-trimethyltryptophan). First reported in the Caribbean sponge Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate throug ... ''Plakortis simplex'' in 2003, plakohypaphorines A-C were the first iodine-containing indoles to be discovered in nature. Plakohypaphorines D-F, also found in ''P. simplex'', were reported in 2004 by a group including the researchers who discovered the original plakohypaphorines. References *Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio et al., 2003. ''Plakohypaphorines A-C, Iodine-Containing Alkaloids from the Caribbean Sponge'' Plakortis simplex. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003(2), pp. 284–287. *Borrelli, Francesca, et al., 2004. ''Iodinated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plakohypaphorine D
Plakohypaphorines are halogenated indolic non-proteinogenic amino acids named for their similarity to hypaphorine (''N,N,N''-trimethyltryptophan). First reported in the Caribbean sponge Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate throug ... ''Plakortis simplex'' in 2003, plakohypaphorines A-C were the first iodine-containing indoles to be discovered in nature. Plakohypaphorines D-F, also found in ''P. simplex'', were reported in 2004 by a group including the researchers who discovered the original plakohypaphorines. References *Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio et al., 2003. ''Plakohypaphorines A-C, Iodine-Containing Alkaloids from the Caribbean Sponge'' Plakortis simplex. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003(2), pp. 284–287. *Borrelli, Francesca, et al., 2004. ''Iodinated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plakohypaphorine C
Plakohypaphorines are halogenated indolic non-proteinogenic amino acids named for their similarity to hypaphorine (''N,N,N''-trimethyltryptophan). First reported in the Caribbean sponge Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate throug ... ''Plakortis simplex'' in 2003, plakohypaphorines A-C were the first iodine-containing indoles to be discovered in nature. Plakohypaphorines D-F, also found in ''P. simplex'', were reported in 2004 by a group including the researchers who discovered the original plakohypaphorines. References *Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio et al., 2003. ''Plakohypaphorines A-C, Iodine-Containing Alkaloids from the Caribbean Sponge'' Plakortis simplex. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003(2), pp. 284–287. *Borrelli, Francesca, et al., 2004. ''Iodinated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plakohypaphorine A
Plakohypaphorines are halogenated indolic non-proteinogenic amino acids named for their similarity to hypaphorine (''N,N,N''-trimethyltryptophan). First reported in the Caribbean sponge Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate throug ... ''Plakortis simplex'' in 2003, plakohypaphorines A-C were the first iodine-containing indoles to be discovered in nature. Plakohypaphorines D-F, also found in ''P. simplex'', were reported in 2004 by a group including the researchers who discovered the original plakohypaphorines. References *Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio et al., 2003. ''Plakohypaphorines A-C, Iodine-Containing Alkaloids from the Caribbean Sponge'' Plakortis simplex. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003(2), pp. 284–287. *Borrelli, Francesca, et al., 2004. ''Iodinated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indole
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C8 H7 N. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indole is widely distributed in the natural environment and can be produced by a variety of bacteria. As an intercellular signal molecule, indole regulates various aspects of bacterial physiology, including spore formation, plasmid stability, resistance to drugs, biofilm formation, and virulence. The amino acid tryptophan is an indole derivative and the precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin. General properties and occurrence Indole is a solid at room temperature. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal odor. At very low concentrations, however, it has a flowery smell, and is a constituent of many perfumes. It also occurs in coal tar. The corresponding substituent is called indolyl. Indole undergoes electrophilic substitution, mainly at position 3 (see diagra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification
The simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) is a specification in the form of a line notation for describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecule editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models of the molecules. The original SMILES specification was initiated in the 1980s. It has since been modified and extended. In 2007, an open standard called OpenSMILES was developed in the open-source chemistry community. History The original SMILES specification was initiated by David Weininger at the USEPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division Laboratory in Duluth in the 1980s. Acknowledged for their parts in the early development were "Gilman Veith and Rose Russo (USEPA) and Albert Leo and Corwin Hansch (Pomona College) for supporting the work, and Arthur Weininger (Pomona; Daylight CIS) and Jeremy Scofield (Cedar River Software, Renton, WA) for assistance in programmin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Formula
In chemistry, a chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and ''plus'' (+) and ''minus'' (−) signs. These are limited to a single typographic line of symbols, which may include Subscript and superscript, subscripts and superscripts. A chemical formula is not a chemical nomenclature, chemical name, and it contains no words. Although a chemical formula may imply certain simple chemical structures, it is not the same as a full chemical structural formula. Chemical formulae can fully specify the structure of only the simplest of molecules and chemical substances, and are generally more limited in power than chemical names and structural formulae. The simplest types of chemical formulae are called ''empirical formulae'', which use letters and numbers ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
