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Pinnipedimorpha
Pinnipedimorpha is a stem-clade of arctoid carnivorans that is defined to include the last common ancestor of ''Phoca'' and ''Enaliarctos ''Enaliarctos''From Greek , ''enalios'', of the sea; and , ''arktos'', bear, "referring to the arctoid, including ursid, Carnivora" (Mitchell & Tedford, 1973, p. 218). is an extinct genus of pinnipedimorph, and may represent the ancestor to all ...'', and all of their descendants of that ancestral taxon. Scientists still debate on which lineage of arctoid carnivorans are the closest relatives to the pinnipedimorphs, being more closely related to musteloids. Below is an overall phylogeny of the taxa covered in the article followed after a composite tree in Berta et al. (2018) and a total-evidence (combined molecular-morphological) dataset in Paterson et al. (2020): See also * List of fossil pinnipeds References Further reading * A. Berta, C. E. Ray, and A. R. Wyss. 1989. Skeleton of the oldest known pinniped, Enaliarctos meals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Fossil Pinnipeds
Pinnipeds are marine mammals that evolved from arctoid carnivorans that includes seals, eared seals, and walruses. There are 34 recent species of pinnipeds and 102 species of fossil pinnipeds and their stem-relatives (Pinnipedimorpha), collectively referred to as pinnipedimorphs. Scientists still debate on which lineage of arctoid carnviroans are the closest relatives to the pinnipedimorphs, being either more closely related to bears or to musteloids. Two stem-pinniped families found outside of Pinnipedimorpha, Amphicynodontidae and Semantoridae, were in the past considered to be subfamilies of Ursidae and Mustelidae respectively. In comparison to the two other major groups of marine or sea mammals, cetaceans and sirenians, pinnipeds are a relatively younger group having appeared about 24 to 38 million years ago and are still able to return on land to breed. The list of fossil taxa is based on mostly the historiographical data from Valenzuela-Toro and Pyenson (2019). The two stem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinnipediformes
Pinnipedimorpha is a stem-clade of arctoid carnivorans that is defined to include the last common ancestor of ''Phoca'' and ''Enaliarctos ''Enaliarctos''From Greek , ''enalios'', of the sea; and , ''arktos'', bear, "referring to the arctoid, including ursid, Carnivora" (Mitchell & Tedford, 1973, p. 218). is an extinct genus of pinnipedimorph, and may represent the ancestor to all ...'', and all of their descendants of that ancestral taxon. Scientists still debate on which lineage of arctoid carnivorans are the closest relatives to the pinnipedimorphs, being more closely related to musteloids. Below is an overall phylogeny of the taxa covered in the article followed after a composite tree in Berta et al. (2018) and a total-evidence (combined molecular-morphological) dataset in Paterson et al. (2020): See also * List of fossil pinnipeds References Further reading * A. Berta, C. E. Ray, and A. R. Wyss. 1989. Skeleton of the oldest known pinniped, Enaliarctos mealsi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enaliarctos
''Enaliarctos''From Greek , ''enalios'', of the sea; and , ''arktos'', bear, "referring to the arctoid, including ursid, Carnivora" (Mitchell & Tedford, 1973, p. 218). is an extinct genus of pinnipedimorph, and may represent the ancestor to all pinnipeds. Prior to the discovery of ''Puijila'', the five species in the genus ''Enaliarctos'' represented the oldest known pinnipedimorph fossils, having been recovered from late Oligocene and early Miocene (ca. 24–22 million years ago) strata of California and Oregon. Description It had a short tail and developed limbs with webbed feet. Unlike modern sea lions, it had a set of slicing carnassials; the presence of slicing teeth (rather than purely piercing teeth as in modern fish-eating pinnipeds) suggests that ''Enaliarctos'' needed to return to shore with prey items in order to masticate and ingest them. Still, ''Enaliarctos'' had some sea lion-like characteristics, such as large eyes, sensitive whiskers, and a specialized inner ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteronarctos
''Pteronarctos'' is a genus of basal pinnipediform from middle Miocene marine deposits in Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it .... Two species of ''Pteronarctos'' are known, ''P. goedertae'' and ''P. piersoni''. Although originally described as a member of Enaliarctidae, cladistic analyses place ''Pteronarctos'' as sister to pinnipeds, in the clade Pinnipediformes.J. Velez-Juarbe. 2017. Eotaria citrica, sp. nov., a new stem otariid from the “Topanga” formation of Southern California. PeerJ 5:e3022 References External links''Enaliarctos'' at The Paleobiology Database Miocene pinnipeds Prehistoric pinnipeds of North America Prehistoric carnivoran genera Fossil taxa described in 1988 {{paleo-carnivora-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinniped
Pinnipeds (pronounced ), commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals. They comprise the extant families Odobenidae (whose only living member is the walrus), Otariidae (the eared seals: sea lions and fur seals), and Phocidae (the earless seals, or true seals). There are 34 extant species of pinnipeds, and more than 50 extinct species have been described from fossils. While seals were historically thought to have descended from two ancestral lines, molecular evidence supports them as a monophyletic lineage (descended from one ancestral line). Pinnipeds belong to the order Carnivora; their closest living relatives are musteloids (weasels, raccoons, skunks, and red pandas), having diverged about 50 million years ago. Seals range in size from the and Baikal seal to the and southern elephant seal male, which is also the largest member of the order Carnivora. Several species exh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arctoidea
Arctoidea is a clade of mostly carnivorous mammals which include the extinct Hemicyonidae (dog-bears), and the extant Musteloidea (weasels, raccoons, skunks, red pandas), Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions), and Ursidae (bears), found in all continents from the Eocene, , to the present. The oldest group of the clade is the bears, as their CMAH gene is still intact. The gene became non-functional in the common ancestor of the Mustelida (the musteloids and pinnipeds). Arctoids are caniforms, along with dogs (canids) and extinct bear dogs (Amphicyonidae). The earliest caniforms were superficially similar to martens, which are tree-dwelling mustelids. Together with feliforms, caniforms comprise the order Carnivora; sometimes Arctoidea can be considered a separate suborder from Caniformia and a sister taxon to Feliformia. Systematics Arctoidea was named by Flower (1869). It was reranked as the unranked clade Arctoidea by Hunt (2001), Hunt (2002) and Hunt (2002); it was reranked as the infrao ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carnivora
Carnivora is a Clade, monophyletic order of Placentalia, placental mammals consisting of the most recent common ancestor of all felidae, cat-like and canidae, dog-like animals, and all descendants of that ancestor. Members of this group are formally referred to as carnivorans, and have evolved to specialize in eating flesh. The order is the fifth largest order of mammals, comprising at least 279 species. Carnivorans live on every major landmass and in a variety of habitats, ranging from the cold polar regions to the hyper-arid region of the Sahara Desert to the open seas. They come in a very large array of different body plans in contrasting shapes and sizes. Carnivora can be divided into two subclades: the cat-like Feliformia and the dog-like Caniformia, which are differentiated based on the structure of their ear bones and cranial features. The feliforms include families such as the felidae, cats, the hyenas, the mongooses and the viverridae, civets. The majority of felifor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panotariidae
Otarioidea is a superfamily of pinnipeds that includes the families Odobenidae, Otariidae and their stem-relatives. In the past when the pinnipeds were considered to be a diphyletic group of marine mammals, a few points of cranial and dental morphology suggested that the otarioids originated from a line of bears. One extinct family, Enaliarctidae, was postulated to be otarioids that were a transitional clade between Hemicyoninae (an extinct subfamily of dog-like bears) and Otariidae. Recent comprehensive studies have, however, since the 1990s found pinnipeds to be a monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ... clade of aquatic arctoids. There are a few authorities that place desmatophocids and odobenids as sister taxa to Phocidae in the clade Phocomorpha base ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Odobenidae
Odobenidae is a family of pinnipeds. The only living species is the walrus (''Odobenus rosmarus''). In the past, however, the group was much more diverse, and includes more than a dozen fossil genera. Taxonomy All genera, except ''Walrus, Odobenus'', are extinct. *†''Archaeodobenus'' *†''Prototaria'' *†''Proneotherium'' *†''Nanodobenus'' *†''Neotherium'' *†''Imagotaria'' *†''Kamtschatarctos'' *†''Pelagiarctos'' *†''Pontolis'' *†''Pseudotaria'' *†''Titanotaria'' *Clade Neodobenia **†''Gomphotaria'' **Subfamily Dusignathinae ***†''Dusignathus'' **Subfamily Odobeninae ***†''Aivukus'' ***†''Ontocetus'' ***†''Pliopedia'' ***†''Protodobenus'' ***†''Valenictus'' ***''Walrus, Odobenus'' In re-analyzing ''Pelagiarctos'', Boessenecker et al. (2013) proposed the phylogenetic relationships of Odobenidae as follows (this analysis excluded ''Archaeodobenus, Titanotaria, Nanodobenus,'' and ''Pliopedia;'' and included ''Enaliarctos, Pteronarctos, Allodesmus, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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