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Phratora Polaris
''Phratora polaris'' is a species of leaf beetle found in the Nordic regions of Europe., occasionally in Scotland, and Iceland. Some authors have recorded it in central Europe, especially in the Alps. Historically, this species has occurred in Greenland. This beetle is found on willow (''Salix'') species in the southern part of its range. Populations in Lapland feed on birch. Description This small (3.7–5 mm) beetle is similar in size and shape to other species of ''Phratora''. Willow-feeding adults are typically metallic blue or green, but birch feeding populations are metallic dark brown Larvae are dark to black and pupae are pale. Distribution and range ''Phratora polaris'' occurs in the Nordic regions of Europe, occasionally in Scotland, and Iceland. It has also been recorded in the eastern Alps. and in Germany. Habitat and host plants ''Phratora polaris'' is the only ''Phratora'' species known to feed on host plants in two different plant families (Salicaceae) and (Betula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacob Sparre Schneider
Hans Jacob Sparre Schneider (11 February 1853 – 27 July 1918) was a Norwegian zoologist and entomologist. He is most associated with his contribution to knowledge about the zoology in Northern Norway, in particular the insect fauna. Schneider was born at Åsnes in Hedmark, Norway. He was the son of Andreas Schneider (1818-1861) and Marie Lovise Jørgine Sparre (1824-1902). He grew up in the traditional region of Solør. After his father's death, he and a sister lived with their grandfather in Bergen. He attended Bergen Cathedral School and took school graduation 1871. He began studying medicine at the University of Christiania, but left in 1873 to study zoology, botany and geology. In 1874, he received a grant to explore insect life in Bergenhus amt (now Hordaland), and from 1876 in Nedenes and Modum. He was the first conservator at Tromsø Museum, and held this position for 41 years until his death. He was a member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Lett ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phratora Polaris Female Genitalia Valtimo Finland
Phratora is a genus of leaf beetles. It is synonymous to ''Phyllodecta'' . European ''Phratora'' species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia., but they differ little in size and body form and most show metallic coloration. Distribution ''Phratora'' species are found in the Northern Hemisphere in areas that tend to be cool and moist where their host plants thrive. They are usually found in Northern and Southern Europe, China and Japan, and in Canada and the United States of America. Host plants Species in this genus are of considerable interest to evolutionary ecology researchers because they vary with respect to host plant preference and chemistry of their larval defensive secretions. ''Phratora'' species are known to feed on willows ('' Phratora americana, P. frosti, P. interstitialis, P. tibialis, Phratora vitellinae, Phratora vulgatissima, P. polaris, P. purpurea''), poplars (''Phratora laticollis, P. atrovirens, Phratora vitellinae, P. pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrysomelinae
The Chrysomelinae are a subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), commonly known as broad-bodied leaf beetles or broad-shouldered leaf beetles. It includes some 3,000 species around the world. The best-known member is the notorious Colorado potato beetle (''Leptinotarsa decemlineata''), an important agricultural pest. Description Adults of Chrysomelinae are beetles with the following features: antennae inserted on or adjacent to anterior edge of head; inner face of each mandible with large membranous prostheca; each wing with only one anal cell (sometimes the wings are reduced or absent); metendosternite lateral arms without lobes; femora without internal spring sclerite; tibial spurs absent; tarsi without bifid setae; stridulatory mechanism absent; male aedeagus without tegminal ring and the testes not fused within a common membrane; female kotpresse absent. Text was copied from this source, which is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barcode Of Life Data Systems
The Barcode of Life Data System (commonly known as BOLD or BOLDSystems) is a web platform specifically devoted to DNA barcoding. It is a cloud-based data storage and analysis platform developed at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics in Canada. It consists of four main modules, a data portal, an educational portal, a registry of BINs (putative species), and a data collection and analysis workbench which provides an online platform for analyzing DNA sequences. Since its launch in 2005, BOLD has been extended to provide a range of functionality including data organization, validation, visualization and publication. The most recent version of the system, version 4, launched in 2017, brings a set of improvements supporting data collection and analysis but also includes novel functionality improving data dissemination, citation, and annotation. Before November 16, 2020, BOLD already contained barcode sequences for 318,105 formally described species covering animals, plants, fungi, protist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phratora Laticollis
''Phratora laticollis'' is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and Asia. This beetle is found on ''Populus'' species and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively. Description This small (3.7–5 mm) beetle is similar and size and coloration to other species of ''Phratora''. Adults are typically metallic blue or green. In Europe, it is most likely to co-occur on Populus host species with two other ''Phratora'' species ''Phratora vitellinae'' and ''Phratora atrovirens''. It is larger and more abundant than ''P. atrovirens'' and somewhat narrower in body shape than ''P. vitellinae''. Eggs are typically laid in clutches of 8–16, arranged in rows on the underside of the host leaf. Like other ''Phratora'' species, eggs are partially covered with a crusty secretion. Larvae feed in groups in early instars (molts), and sometimes show color polymorphisms. Range ''Phratora laticollis'' has a widespread ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phratora Vitellinae
''Phratora vitellinae'', the brassy leaf beetle, formerly ''Phyllodecta vitellinae'', is a beetle of the family Chrysomelidae found in Europe and Asia. It feeds on ''Populus'' and ''Salix'' species. The evolution of its host plant preferences and the mechanism by which it uses host plant chemicals to make a larval defensive secretion have been the subject of intense study by research groups in Europe and the Nordic countries. Description ''Phratora vitellinae'' adults range from 3.5–5.2 mm long. The opaque forewings (elytra) show longitudinal rows of clearly visible dots. Adults typically show metallic blue, green, or bronze colors. Adults show copper or purple colors at high elevations or in Arctic regions. One way to distinguish among adult ''Phratora'' beetles co-occurring on the same host plant is to gently squeeze the abdomen of females until the morphology of the genitalia can be observed from the ventral side. ''Phratora vitellinae'' females possess a wide smooth s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I
Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) also known as mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MT-CO1'' gene. In other eukaryotes, the gene is called ''COX1'', ''CO1'', or ''COI''. Cytochrome c oxidase I is the main subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex. Mutations in MT-CO1 have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, Complex IV deficiency, colorectal cancer, sensorineural deafness, and recurrent myoglobinuria. Structure One of 37 mitochondrial genes, the ''MT-CO1'' gene is located from nucleotide pairs 5904 to 7444 on the guanine-rich heavy (H) section of mtDNA. The gene product is a 57 kDa protein composed of 513 amino acids. Function Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1 or MT-CO1) is one of three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded subunits (MT-CO1, MT-CO2, MT-CO3) of respiratory complex IV. Complex IV is the third and final enzyme of the electron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phratora Phylogeny
Phratora is a genus of leaf beetles. It is synonymous to ''Phyllodecta'' . European ''Phratora'' species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia., but they differ little in size and body form and most show metallic coloration. Distribution ''Phratora'' species are found in the Northern Hemisphere in areas that tend to be cool and moist where their host plants thrive. They are usually found in Northern and Southern Europe, China and Japan, and in Canada and the United States of America. Host plants Species in this genus are of considerable interest to evolutionary ecology researchers because they vary with respect to host plant preference and chemistry of their larval defensive secretions. ''Phratora'' species are known to feed on willows ('' Phratora americana, P. frosti, P. interstitialis, P. tibialis, Phratora vitellinae, Phratora vulgatissima, P. polaris, P. purpurea''), poplars (''Phratora laticollis, P. atrovirens, Phratora vitellinae, P. pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phratora Tibialis
''Phratora tibialis'' is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and parts of Asia. This beetle is found on willows (''Salix'' species) and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively. Description This small (3.7–5 mm) beetle is similar and size and coloration to other species of ''Phratora''. Adults are typically metallic blue or green. In Europe, it is most likely to co-occur on Salix host species with ''Phratora vitellinae''. It is somewhat narrower in body shape than ''P. vitellinae''. This beetle is very similar in morphology and behavior to the Nordic species ''Phratora polaris'', as noted by Palmen, Steinhausen, Sundholm, and Köpf et al. (1996). For example, the female genitalia of ''P. tibialis,'' (which can be examined with live beetles when moderate pressure is applied to the abdomen under the dissecting scope), closely resemble those of ''P. polaris''. Eggs are typically laid in clutc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betula Pubescens
''Betula pubescens'' (syn. ''Betula alba''), commonly known as downy birch and also as moor birch, white birch, European white birch or hairy birch, is a species of deciduous tree, native and abundant throughout northern Europe and northern Asia, growing farther north than any other broadleaf tree. It is closely related to, and often confused with, the silver birch (''B. pendula''), but grows in wetter places with heavier soils and poorer drainage; smaller trees can also be confused with the dwarf birch (''B. nana''). Six varieties are recognised and it hybridises with the silver and dwarf birches. A number of cultivars have been developed but many are no longer in cultivation. The larva of the autumnal moth (''Epirrita autumnata'') feeds on the foliage and in some years, large areas of birch forest can be defoliated by this insect. Many fungi are associated with the tree and certain pathogenic fungi are the causal agents of birch dieback disease. The tree is a pioneer species ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrysomelidae
The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research. Leaf beetles are partially recognizable by their tarsal formula, which appears to be 4-4-4, but is actually 5-5-5 as the fourth tarsal segment is very small and hidden by the third. As with many taxa, no single character defines the Chrysomelidae; instead, the family is delineated by a set of characters. Some lineages are only distinguished with difficulty from longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae), namely by the antennae not arising from frontal tubercles. Adult and larval leaf beetles feed on all sorts of plant tissue, and all species are fully herbivorous. Many are serious pests of cultivated plants, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salix Arbuscula
''Salix arbuscula'', the mountain willow, is a low, much branched shrub (to 0.7 metres) having a limited distribution in Northern Europe, occurring from north Scandinavia eastwards to Siberia. In Scotland it can be found on damp rocky mountain slopes and ledges, generally at altitudes above 600 metres, rarely outside Perthshire and Argyll.Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland, BSBI Handbook No. 4; Meikle; 1984. As described in Stace''New Flora of the British Isles''; Clive Stace Clive Anthony Stace (born 1938) is a British botanist and botanical author. He studied at King's College London, graduated from University of London in 1959 and then studied at the Natural History Museum, London. He was awarded a PhD in 1963. ...; Third edition; 2011 printing. and BSBI ''Salix arbuscula'' has the following characteristics: * Twigs slightly hairy at first, later hairless and dark reddish brown. * Leaves usually ovate up to 5 cm long by 3 cm wide; hairless and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
