Philip Spiro
Philip Spiro was the head of the German printing firm of ''Spiro Brothers'' of Hamburg who from 1864 to about 1880 produced around 500 different lithographed reproductions of postage stamps. Tyler, Varro E. (1976) ''Philatelic Forgers: Their Lives and Works''. London: Robson Lowe, pp. 45-46. The reproductions are not believed to have been intended to deceive, but they were so well done and so numerous that they contributed to a backlash against stamp forgery that was reflected in the publication of ''The Spud Papers; Or, Notes on Philatelic Weeds'' by the Rev. Robert Earée. The forgeries were often produced in small sheets of 25, which are still sometimes found complete. Many old stamp collections include Spiro forgeries due to their wide distribution and a greater acceptance of forgeries as "space fillers" before 1900. See also *List of stamp forgers *Philatelic fakes and forgeries In general, philatelic fakes and forgeries are labels that look like postage stamps but hav ...
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Genuine Fiji CR Stamp (left) With Spiro Forgery On The Right
Genuine may refer to: Companies *Genuine Parts Company, a Fortune 1000 company that was founded in 1928 *Genuine Scooters, a Chicago-based scooter manufacturer *Genuine Games, a video game company founded in early 2002 Music * ''Genuine'' (Stacie Orrico album), 2000 * ''Genuine'' (Fayray album), 2001 * "Genuine" (song), a 2000 song by Stacie Orrico *"Genuine", a 1995 song by Canadian singer-songwriter Mae Moore Other uses * ''Genuine'' (film), a 1920 silent film by Robert Wiene *Genuine, a difficulty rating in ''Dance Dance Revolution'' *Genuine (horse), a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse *Authenticity (philosophy) Authenticity is a concept of personality in the fields of psychology, existential psychotherapy, existentialist philosophy, and aesthetics. In existentialism, authenticity is the degree to which a person's actions are congruent with his or her v ...

Spiro Forgery Of Japanese 1872-75 Cherry Blossom Stamps
Spiro(s) may refer to: * Spiro, Oklahoma, a town in the U.S. ** Spiro Mounds, an archaeological site * Spiro (band), a British music group * Spiro (name), including a list of people with the name * Špiro, South Slavic masculine given name * ARA ''Spiro'', two ships of the Argentine Navy * , an oil tanker * Euler spiral, or spiro, a curve * Spiro compound, a type of chemical structure * Spironolactone, a medicine, often used in feminizing hormone therapy See also * * * Spiro compound, a class of organic compound featuring two rings joined at one atom * Spirou (comics), a Belgian comic strip character * Spyro * Spira (other) Spira may refer to: * Spira (car), a three-wheeled motor vehicle * Spira (confectionery), a Cadbury chocolate bar in a helix shape * Spira (name), including a list of people with the name * Spira (''Final Fantasy''), the fictional world of the ...

Lithography
Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German author and actor Alois Senefelder and was initially used mostly for musical scores and maps.Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146 Carter, Rob, Ben Day, Philip Meggs. Typographic Design: Form and Communication, Third Edition. (2002) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 11 Lithography can be used to print text or images onto paper or other suitable material. A lithograph is something printed by lithography, but this term is only used for fine art prints and some other, mostly older, types of printed matter, not for those made by modern commercial lithography. Originally, the image to be printed was drawn with a greasy substance, such as oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth and flat limestone plat ...
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Varro Eugene Tyler
Varro Eugene Tyler (December 19, 1926 – August 22, 2001), of Auburn, Nebraska, was an American professor of pharmacognosy and philatelist who specialized in the study of forged postage stamps and the forgers who created them. Academic career Tyler graduated in pharmacy from the University of Nebraska in 1949, attended Yale University as an Eli Lilly Research Fellow and received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Connecticut in 1951 and 1953. Dr. Tyler was appointed associate professor and chairman of the Department of Pharmacognosy at the University of Nebraska and held similar positions at the University of Washington. Dr. Tyler accepted the appointment as dean of the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Purdue University in 1966 and was closely associated with the Purdue University for the rest of his career. His research interests included medicinal and toxic constituents of higher fungi, phytochemical analysis, alkaloid biosynthesis, drug plant cu ...
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Robert Brisco Earée
Robert Brisco Earée (1846–1928) was an English priest and philatelist who was known for his studies of philatelic fakes and forgeries. Life A son of the Reverend William Earée, the young Robert Brisco Earée was educated at Cockermouth Grammar School, a boys' school in Cumberland. He was ordained as a priest in 1871 and was appointed as curate at Coggeshall, Essex, in the same year. He married Florence Isabella Goff, daughter of Captain A. Goff (deceased), at Alphamstone, Essex, in August 1876."Alphamstone Marriage of the Rev. R. B. Earee" in ''The Bury and Norwich Post, and Suffolk Herald'', 15 August 1876, p.6. His father had been rector at Alphamstone since 1870. While British chaplain in Berlin in the 1880s, Earée was responsible for raising a fund for a new church dedicated to St George. In 1884, his sister Ada Earée, a singer known professionally as Ada Dorée, married the singer Eric Thorne. In 1890 Earée was inducted as Rector of Miserden in Gloucestershire. ...
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List Of Stamp Forgers
Soon after their introduction in 1840 postage stamps started to be forged. The first book about the topic was written in 1862 by Jean-Baptiste Moens from Belgium ''De la falsifications des timbres-poste''. Shortly afterwards Edward Loines Pemberton published ''Forged Stamps: How to detect them'' and subsequently Robert Brisco Earée produced his legendary ''Album Weeds''. Today there is an extensive literature on the forgers and their work, and examples from the most accomplished forgers sometimes sell for more than the original stamp. Notorious and famous stamp forgers include: * The Spiro Brothers * Rainer Blüm * Clive Feigenbaum; ex-chairman of Stanley Gibbons * Sigmund Friedl * Georges Fouré * François Fournier * Madame Joseph * Louis-Henri Mercier (Henri Goegg) * Erasmo Oneglia * Angelo Panelli * Mendel ShapiroHaifa, Israel; the PATCO fraud; "The Israel Philatelist", July–August 1967, pp. 1942–5 * Lucian Smeets * Jean de Sperati * Raoul de Thuin * Ha ...
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Philatelic Fakes And Forgeries
In general, philatelic fakes and forgeries are labels that look like postage stamps but have been produced to deceive or defraud. Learning to identify these can be a challenging branch of philately. To a large extent the definitions below are consistent with those given in the introduction to various recent editions of the ''Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue''. "We use the term ''"forgery"'' to indicate stamps produced to defraud collectors (properly known as forgeries) and to defraud stamp-issuing governments (properly known as counterfeits). ''"Fake"'' is used to indicate the alteration of a genuine stamp to make it appear as something else. Fakes might refer to cancellations, overprints, added or clipped perforations, stamp design alterations, etc." While difficult to do today, one famous case is the Stock Exchange forgery of the late 19th century. Questions are often raised about when a stamp is legitimately produced for postage. Matthew Karanian has proposed the f ...
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Stamp Forgers
Stamp or Stamps or Stamping may refer to: Official documents and related impressions * Postage stamp, used to indicate prepayment of fees for public mail * Ration stamp, indicating the right to rationed goods * Revenue stamp, used on documents to indicate payment of tax * Rubber stamp, device used to apply inked markings to objects ** Passport stamp, a rubber stamp inked impression received in one's passport upon entering or exiting a country ** National Park Passport Stamps * Food stamps, tickets used in the United States that indicate the right to benefits in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Collectibles * Trading stamp, a small paper stamp given to customers by merchants in loyalty programs that predate the modern loyalty card * Eki stamp, a free collectible rubber ink stamp found at many train stations in Japan Places * Stamp Creek, a stream in Georgia * Stamps, Arkansas People * Stamp or Apiwat Ueathavornsuk (born 1982), Thai singer-songwriter * Stamp (surnam ...
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Year Of Birth Unknown
A year or annus is the orbital period of a planetary body, for example, the Earth, moving in its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by change in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. In temperate and subpolar regions around the planet, four seasons are generally recognized: spring, summer, autumn and winter. In tropical and subtropical regions, several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons; but in the seasonal tropics, the annual wet and dry seasons are recognized and tracked. A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth's orbital period, as counted in a given calendar. The Gregorian calendar, or modern calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days, as do the Julian calendars. For the Gregorian calendar, the average length of the calendar year ( ...
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Year Of Death Unknown
A year or annus is the orbital period of a planetary body, for example, the Earth, moving in its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by change in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. In temperate and subpolar regions around the planet, four seasons are generally recognized: spring, summer, autumn and winter. In tropical and subtropical regions, several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons; but in the seasonal tropics, the annual wet and dry seasons are recognized and tracked. A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth's orbital period, as counted in a given calendar. The Gregorian calendar, or modern calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days, as do the Julian calendars. For the Gregorian calendar, the average length of the calendar year (the mea ...
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