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Phibro
Phibro is a global low-carbon commodity company, focused on renewable asstets' development, acquisitions, optimizations and related contract structuring. Phibro's strategy is based on a proven track record of combining market insight, disciplined risk management, and create risk-reward opportunities in low carbon emission and green commodities markets. Phibro’s team has deep expertise across all commodities including ''oil and'' ''oil products, natural gas, natural gas liquids (NGL), electricity, renewable fuels, fertilizer, coal and emissions.'' Founded in 1901, Philipp Brothers (or PhibroTM as it became known) has a long heritage of innovation in the commodities markets. Phibro was a pioneer in the development of liquidity and price transparency in the global commodity markets, and it has operated in the US since 1915. Phibro’s headquarters are located in Stamford, Connecticut. History The origin of the company traces to 1901 when Julius Philipp, an Orthodox Jew, f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julius Philipp
Julius Philipp (1 March 1878 – 15 March 1944) was a German-born metal trader who co-founded ''Philipp Brothers''. Biography Julius Philipp was born to an Orthodox Jewish family in Germany. He was a cousin to Martha Bernays, the wife of Sigmund Freud. In 1901, he founded a small metal trading company in Hamburg, Germany. In 1909, Philipp and his younger brother, Oscar Philipp established a metal trading company in London under the name of ''Philipp Brothers''. Julius continued to run the German operation out of Hamburg. In 1914, with the advent of World War I, Siegfried Bendheim, an apprentice, German citizen, and minor partner in Philipp Brothers, avoided internment by the British government by moving to New York City where he established Philipp Brothers, Inc. Oscar Philipp was not affected by the war as he had previously obtained British citizenship. In 1923, another apprentice and second cousin to Bendheim, Siegfried Ullmann, moved to the New York office. In 1934, Julius ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oscar Philipp
Oscar Israel Philipp (1882–1965) was a German-born metal trader who co-founded Phibro, Philipp Brothers. Biography Oscar Philipp was born to an Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox German Jews, Jewish family in Wandsbek, Germany. He was a cousin to Martha Bernays, the wife of Sigmund Freud. In 1901, his brother, Julius Philipp, founded a small metal trading company in Hamburg, where Oscar worked. In 1909, Oscar Philipp moved to London and established a metal trading company under the name of "Philipp Brothers". Julius continued to run the German operation out of Hamburg. In 1914, with the advent of World War I, Siegfried Bendheim, an apprentice, German citizen, and minor partner in Philipp Brothers, avoided internment by the British government by moving to New York City where he established Philipp Brothers, Inc. Oscar was not affected by the war as he had previously obtained British citizenship. In 1923, another apprentice and second cousin to Bendheim, Siegfried Ullmann, moved to the N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Engelhard
Engelhard Corporation was an American Fortune 500, ''Fortune'' 500 company headquartered in Iselin, New Jersey, Iselin, New Jersey, United States. It is credited with developing the first production catalytic converter. In 2006, the German economy, German Chemical manufacturing, chemical manufacturer BASF bought Engelhard for US$5 billion. Early history The company was started by Charles W. Engelhard Sr. in 1902 when he purchased the Charles F. Croselmire Company in Newark, New Jersey. He subsequently founded the American Platinum Works in 1903 and acquired several other companies. In 1904, he purchased Baker & Co., a platinum smelting and refining business located in Newark and in 1905, he established Hanovia Chemical and Manufacturing Company also in Newark. Engelhard became the world's largest refiner and fabricator of platinum, gold and silver, a producer of silver and silver alloys in mill forms, operator of the world's largest precious metals smelter. They also develope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salomon Brothers
Salomon Brothers, Inc., was an American multinational bulge bracket investment bank headquartered in New York. It was one of the five largest investment banking enterprises in the United States and the most profitable firm on Wall Street during the 1980s and 1990s. Its CEO and chairman at that time, John Gutfreund, was nicknamed "the King of Wall Street". Salomon Brothers served many of the largest corporations in America. At one time, it was the leading underwriter of corporate bonds and the largest dealer of Treasury Securities in the United States. It was also one of the top firms in futures and options (known as "derivatives") and in securitization in a range of asset classes including commercial real estate securities. The bank was famed for its "cutthroat corporate culture that rewarded risk-taking with massive bonuses, punishing poor results with a swift boot." In Michael Lewis' 1989 book ''Liar's Poker'', the insider descriptions of life at Salomon gave way to the pop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe. On 30 January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany, the head of gove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barter
In trade, barter (derived from ''baretor'') is a system of exchange in which participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. Economists distinguish barter from gift economies in many ways; barter, for example, features immediate reciprocal exchange, not one delayed in time. Barter usually takes place on a bilateral basis, but may be multilateral (if it is mediated through a trade exchange). In most developed countries, barter usually exists parallel to monetary systems only to a very limited extent. Market actors use barter as a replacement for money as the method of exchange in times of monetary crisis, such as when currency becomes unstable (such as hyperinflation or a deflationary spiral) or simply unavailable for conducting commerce. No ethnographic studies have shown that any present or past society has used barter without any other medium of exchange or measurement, and an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries. The major participants in the war threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and deploying the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlos Víctor Aramayo
Carlos Víctor Aramayo (7 October 1889, Paris – 14 April 1981, Paris) was a Bolivian industrialist and politician. Biography Aramayo was one of Bolivia's three principal tin magnates alongside Simón Iturri Patiño and Mauricio Hochschild in the early 20th century. Responsible for over half of global tin production, they were known as the three tin barons. In 1926, Carlos Víctor Aramayo was appointed President of Compagnie Aramayo de Mines en Bolivie SA (CAMB) with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The holding company represented the assets of the Aramayo family in mining (mainly bismuth, tin, tungsten, and other metals) and land properties across Bolivia. As CAMB President, one of Aramayo's first major decision was to form a subsidiary for CAMB in charge of the purchase of machinery and supplies and for hiring specialist personnel around Europe. In 1929, Mining and Chemical Products Ltd (MCP) was formed in London. Around the same time, Aramayo was appointed as Bolivia' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simón Iturri Patiño
Simón Iturri Patiño (1 June 1862 – 20 April 1947) was a Bolivian industrialist who was among the world's wealthiest people at the time of his death. With a fortune built from ownership of a majority of the tin industry in Bolivia, Patiño was nicknamed "The Andean Rockefeller". During World War II, Patiño was believed to be one of the five wealthiest men in the world. Biography Patiño's biographers are not in agreement on the details of his early life. Many wrote that he was a cholo, with a mixed Quechua and Spanish heritage, and born to a poor mother, while his authorized biography holds that he was solely of European ancestry, and the son of a provincial leader. He was actually the illegitimate son of Eugénio Iturri, a Basque, and María Patiño, from Cochabamba. Before entering the mining industry, he either managed a store in Oruro, or spent years in private schools. Eventually, Patiño started in mining with Compañía Hunanchaca de Bolivia, a silver company, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moritz Hochschild
Moritz (Mauricio) Hochschild (February 17, 1881 – June 12, 1965) was a leading mining industry businessman in the first half of the twentieth century. Along with Simón Iturri Patiño and Carlos Víctor Aramayo, he was one of the three so-called Bolivian tin barons. Additionally, he saved thousands of Jews during the Holocaust by facilitating their legal admission to Bolivia. Early life Hochschild was born in Biblis, Germany, into a Jewish family which had already been active in the mining industry for over a generation. He was the eldest son of a general trader, Louis Hochschild Altschul (1853-1923) who had two cousins involved in the metal industry: brothers Berthold Hochschild, who founded the American Metal Company and Zachary Hochschild, a partner in Metallgesellschaft. After Hochschild graduated from school, he studied mining and engineering at the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology. He was agnostic. Career In 1905, he began his career in the field at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oruro, Bolivia
Oruro (Hispanicized spelling) or Uru Uru is a city in Bolivia with a population of 264,683 (2012 calculation), about halfway between La Paz and Sucre in the Altiplano, approximately above sea level. It is Bolivia's fifth-largest city by population, after Santa Cruz de la Sierra, El Alto, La Paz, and Cochabamba. It is the capital of the Department of Oruro and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oruro. Oruro has been subject to cycles of boom and bust owing to its dependence on the mining industry, notably tin, tungsten (wolfram), silver and copper. History The city was founded on November 1, 1606, by Don Manuel Castro de Padilla as a silver-mining center in the Urus region. At the time it was named Real Villa de San Felipe de Austria, after the Spanish monarch Philip III. It thrived for a while, but it was eventually abandoned as the silver mines became exhausted. Oruro was reestablished by European Bolivians in the late nineteenth century as a tin mining center. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
