|
Pfennigs
The 'pfennig' (; . 'pfennigs' or ; symbol pf or ₰) or penny is a former German coin or note, which was the official currency from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro in 2002. While a valuable coin during the Middle Ages, it lost its value through the years and was the minor coin of the Mark currencies in the German Reich, West and East Germany, and the reunified Germany until the introduction of the euro. Pfennig was also the name of the subunit of the Danzig mark (1922–1923) and the Danzig gulden (1923–1939) in the Free City of Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland). Overview Name The word ''Pfennig'' (replacing the ''denarius'' or ''denarius'' as a low-denomination silver coin) can be traced back to the 8th century and also became known as the ''Penning'', ''Panni(n)g '', ''Pfenni(n)c'', ''Pfending'' and by other names, e.g. in Prussia until 1873, ''Pfenning''. The ''-ing''- or ''-inc'' suffix was used, in addition to ''-ung'', the formation of affili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Groschen
Groschen (; from la, grossus "thick", via Old Czech ') a (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in various states of the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The word is borrowed from the late Latin description of a tornose, a ''grossus denarius Turnosus,'' in English the "thick denarius of Tours". Groschen was frequently abbreviated in old documents to ''gl'', whereby the second letter was not an '' l'' (12th letter of the alphabet), but an abbreviation symbol; later it was written as ''Gr'' or ''g''. Names and etymology The name was introduced in 13th-century France as ', lit. "thick penny", whence Old French ', Italian ', Middle High German ', Low German and Dutch ' and English '' groat''. In the 14th century, it appeared as Old Czech ', whence Modern German '. Names in other modern European languages include: * sq, grosh * Church Slavonic-derived languages: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian and Serbo-Croatian ('), Ukrain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guter Groschen
The ''Guter Groschen'' ("good ''groschen''"), also ''Gutergroschen'' or ''Gutegroschen'', abbreviation ''Ggr.'', is name of the ''groschen'' coin that was valued at of a ''Reichsthaler'' from the end of the 16th century. It was called a "good ''groschen''" to distinguish it from the lighter '' Mariengroschen'' ("Mary's ''groschen''"), which was only valued at ''Reichsthaler''. The term ''Guter Groschen'' remained common until the middle of the 19th century. History According to the Imperial Circle decision of 1572 the ''groschen'', which depicted an orb on the reverse side, were initially valued at 21 to the ''Reichsthaler'', but later 24. These so-called ''Apfelgroschen'' were mainly minted in Northern Germany. During the time of counterfeiting, the ''Kipper'' and ''Wipper'' period, they were debased. After the ''Kipper'' mints were closed, they were minted as ''Gutegroschen'' with a higher value. The ''Groschen'' name was initially intended to express the return ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Witte (coin)
The ''Witte'', also called a ''Witten, Wittenpfennig'', or ''Veerling'', was the name of an historical north German coin stamped on both sides with a value of four pfennigs.Niemann (1830), pp. 373–374. The coin received this colloquial name because of its white appearance, which was caused by the oxidation of the copper. In documents the ''Witte'' was called the ''penningh van veer penninghen'' ("pfennig of four pfennigs"). In Denmark-Norway the coin was called the ''Hvide''. ''Witten'' were minted from 1330, starting in Lübeck and in the northern German cities of Hamburg and Wismar. The cities of Lüneburg, Rostock and Stralsund followed, the coins having different compositions, but a common appearance, weight and fineness based on the agreements of the Wendish Coinage Treaty. Outside of the Wendish Minting Union, ''Witten'' emerged in towns in Pomerania and in Holstein. In the course of the 15th century, the ''Witte'' was replaced by other denominations, the '' Dreiling, Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schilling (unit)
As well as being the name of a coin, the Schilling was an historical unit in three areas of measurement: numbers, volume and weight. It can be regarded as a European measure, because it was used in Bohemia, Bavaria, Silesia, Austria and Lusatia. In Bohemian mines it was a measure of volume that corresponded to 5 wheelbarrows. The ''schilling'' was determined as follows: * 1 ''schilling'' = 12 leather skins filled with water = 480 Prague pints * 18 ''schillings'' = 1 quantity (''Losung'') of water In Regensburg the measure was applied to salt. In Bavaria, for example, it was used as a number and a weight. * 1 ''schilling'' salt = 40 'slices' (''Salzscheiben'') * 8 ''schillings'' = 1 ''Pfund'' ("pound") of salt In Austria a ''schilling'' corresponded to the number 30 and in Silesia and Lusatia, the number 12. In the regional dialect it was called a ''Schilger'' in Silesia and a ''Schilger'' or ''Schilk'' in Lusatia. 240 ''pfennigs'' were minted from the 367 g Carolingian pound The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albus (coin)
From the Late Middle Ages the ''albus'' was a common currency in parts of the Holy Roman Empire, especially in the Rhineland. The name ''albus'' is Latin and means "white". Because of its higher silver content, this lighter coin differed in colour from the other inferior coins. This resulted in the names ''denarius albus'' (white ''pfennig''), '' Weißpfennig'' or Rhenish ''groschen''. History The ''albus'' was a silver ''groschen'' coin of the Late Middle Ages that was distributed in the Lower Rhine region from the second half of the 14th century. The four Rhenish electors, who united in 1385/86 to form the Rhenish Minting Union (''Rheinischer Münzverein''), together had the ''Weißpfennig'' minted as a silver coin alongside the Rhenish gold gulden.Heinz Fengler, Gerhard Gierow, Willy Unger: ''Transpress Lexikon Numismatik.'' Berlin 1976, p. 19 Arthur Suhle: ''Die Groschen- und Goldmünzenprägung im 14.und 15. Jahrhundert'' in: „Deutsche Münz- und Geldgeschichte von den An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bracteates
A bracteate (from the Latin ''bractea'', a thin piece of metal) is a flat, thin, single-sided gold medal worn as jewelry that was produced in Northern Europe predominantly during the Migration Period of the Germanic Iron Age (including the Vendel era in Sweden). Bracteate coins are also known from the medieval kingdoms around the Bay of Bengal such as Harikela and Mon city-states. The term is also used for thin discs, especially in gold, to be sewn onto clothing in the ancient world, as found for example in the ancient Persian Oxus treasure, and also later silver coins produced in central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. Gold bracteates from the Migration Period Gold bracteates commonly denote a certain type of jewelry, made mainly in the 5th to 7th century AD, represented by numerous gold specimens. Bead-rimmed and fitted with a loop, most were intended to be worn suspended by a string around the neck, supposedly as an amulet. The gold for the bracteates came from coins pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bosnia And Herzegovina Pfenig
The convertible mark ( Bosanski: , sign: KM; code: BAM) is the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is divided into 100 or (/) and locally abbreviated ''KM''. While the currency and its subunits are uniform for both constituent polities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS), the designs of the KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100 banknotes are differentiated for each polity. History The convertible mark was established by the 1995 Dayton Agreement. It replaced the Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar, Croatian kuna and Yugoslav novi dinar as the single currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1998. ''Mark'' refers to the Deutsche Mark, the currency to which it was pegged at par. Etymology The names derive from German. The three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, have adopted the German nouns and as loanwords ''marka'' and ''pfenig''. The Official Gaze ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Fenig
The mark ( pl, marka polska, abbreviated ''Mp'', Polish-language plural declensions: ''marki, marek'') was the currency of the Kingdom of Poland and of the Republic of Poland between 1917 and 1924. It was subdivided into 100 ''fenigs'' (phonetic Polish spelling of German "pfennig"), like its German original after which it was modelled. History During the World War I, in 1915, after defeating the Russians, the Central Powers occupied the whole territory of the former Congress Poland and appointed two Governors General: a German (Hans Hartwig von Beseler) in Warsaw and an Austro-Hungarian () in Lublin. The civil administration of the country was laid into the hands of imported German (mostly Prussian) and Austrian (mostly Polish) officials. Four currencies circulated: the Russian ruble, the papiermark, the ostrubel and the Austro-Hungarian crown. On December 9 the following year, after consultations with the Austrians, the chief of the German Administration, proclaimed th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estonian Mark
The Estonian mark ( et, Eesti mark) was the currency of Estonia between 1918 and 1927. It was initially equivalent to the German ostmark, which had been circulating alongside the Imperial rouble since the German occupation. It was divided into 100 ''penns'' (in Nominative case: ''penn''). It was replaced in 1928 by the Estonian kroon at a rate of 1 kroon = 100 marka. Until 1919 there were also Russian rubles, German ostrubels and Finnish marks in circulation. Coins Coins were issued in denominations of 1, 3, 5, and 10 marka between 1922 and 1926. The 1922 issues were struck in cupro-nickel Cupronickel or copper-nickel (CuNi) is an alloy of copper that contains nickel and strengthening elements, such as iron and manganese. The copper content typically varies from 60 to 90 percent. (Monel is a nickel-copper alloy that contains a minimu ... whilst the later issues were in nickel-bronze. Banknotes In 1919, treasury notes ("kassatäht") were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finnish Markka
The markka ( fi, markka; sv, mark; sign: Mk; ISO code: FIM, typically known outside Finland as the Finnish mark) was the currency of Finland from 1860 until 28 February 2002, when it ceased to be legal tender. The mark was divided into 100 pennies ( fi, penni; sv, penni), abbreviated as "p". At the point of conversion, the rate was fixed at €1 = Mk 5.94573. The mark was replaced by the euro (€), which had been introduced, in cash form, on 1 January 2002. This was after a transitional period of three years, when the euro was the official currency but only existed as "book money" outside of the monetary base. The dual circulation period, when both the Finnish mark and the euro had legal tender status, ended on 28 February 2002. Etymology The name "markka" was based on a medieval unit of weight. Both "markka" and "penni" are similar to words used in Germany for that country's former currency, based on the same etymological roots as the Deutsche Mark and pfennig. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swedish Penning
The penning or penny was the Swedish variant of the Norwegian penning that was minted from about 1150 until 1548, and which remained as a unit of account in Sweden until 1777. Originally penning was first minted in Norway by the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason from the year 995, and was later adapted in both Sweden and Denmark as a coin system. The penning was minted in imitation of the pennies, pfennig and deniers issued elsewhere in Europe. However, although based on these coins, the accounting system was distinct, with different systems operating in different regions. All used the ''öre'' (derived from the Latin ''aureus'') which was worth 1/8 of a mark or 3 örtugar. However in Svealand, one öre was worth 24 penningar, but in Götaland it was worth 48 penningar and 36 in roughly the Diocese of Linköping and on Gotland. Around 1300, by royal command, the Svealand standard became the national standard, except on Gotland. The örtug was first minted around 1370 and the öre was i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Bracteates")
