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Pervâneoğlu
PervâneoğluMuharrem Kesik, "Pervâneoğulları", TDV Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Ankara 2007, c. XXXIV, s. 245-246 (in Turkish plural ''Pervâneoğulları'', 'sons of the pervâne') was an Anatolian beylik of Persian origin, centered in Sinop on the Black Sea coast and controlling the immediately surrounding region in the second half of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th (1261–1326). The founder of the beylik, the ''pervâne'' Mu'in al-Din Parwana. His grandson the Gazi Çelebi, last Bey of Pervane, transformed his realm into a serious regional naval power, conducting raids against Genoese possessions in the Black Sea and Crimea, as well as against the Empire of Trebizond. See also * List of Sunni Muslim dynasties *List of Iranian dynasties and countries The following is an incomplete list of historical dynasties which were at some time Iranian or the country they ruled were Iranian-speaking and of modern countries with significant Iranian populations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinop, Turkey
Sinop, historically known as Sinope (; gr, Σινώπη, Sinōpē), is a city on the isthmus of İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince), near Cape Sinope (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the northernmost edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey. The city serves as the capital of Sinop Province. History Over a period of approximately 2,500 years, Sinope has at various times been settled by Colchians, Greeks (in the late 7th, late 5th, and 4th–3rd centuries BC), by Romans in the mid-1st century BC, and by Turkic people beginning in the 12th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries it was also settled by the '' muhacir'' who immigrated from the Balkans and Caucasus. Evidence for Hittite Kingdom settlement along the Black Sea's southern shore remains murky. Researchers in the 1940s and 50s debated whether the "Great Sea", mentioned on the Boghazkoy tablets describing war b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatolian Beylik
Anatolian beyliks ( tr, Anadolu beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: ''Tavâif-i mülûk'', ''Beylik'' ) were small principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by beys, the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A second more extensive period of foundations took place as a result of the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm in the second half of the 13th century. One of the beyliks, that of the Osmanoğlu from the Kayi tribe of the Oghuz Turks, from its capital in Bursa completed its conquest of other beyliks by the late 15th century, becoming the Ottoman Empire. The word "beylik" denotes a territory under the jurisdiction of a bey, equivalent in other European societies to a lord. History Following the 1071 Seljuq victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert and the subsequent conquest of Anatolia, Oghuz clans began settling in present-day Turkey. The Seljuq Sultanate's central power established in Konya was largely the result o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mu'in Al-Din Parwana
Mu'in al-Din Suleiman Parwana ( fa, معین الدین سلیمان پروانه), better known as Parwana ( fa, پروانه) was a Persian statesman, who was for a time (especially between 1261–1277) a key player in Anatolian politics involving the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, the Mongol Ilkhanate and the Mamluks under Baybars. Biography Mu‘in al-Din Suleiman was the son of Muhadhdhab al-Din Ali al-Daylami, a Persian from Kashan, who served as the vizier to the Seljuq Sultan Kaykhusraw II in 1243 at the time of the Battle of Köse Dağ. Raised in a time of trouble after the Battle of Köse Dağ and having received a good education, Suleiman Parwana become commander of Tokat, and later Erzincan. He was appointed, by Mongol commander Bayju's recommendation, as chamberlain to the Konya palace of Seljuks sultan of Rûm, then vassals of the Mongols. He married Kaykhusraw's widow Gurju Khatun and became the undisputed master of the declining state, making a name as a great intri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Sunni Muslim Dynasties
The following is a list of Sunni Muslim dynasties. Asia Middle East Arabian Peninsula * Banu Wajih (926–965) *Sharif of Mecca (967–1925) * Al Uyuniyun (1076–1253) *Sulaymanids (1063–1174) *Mahdids (1159–1174) *Kathiri (Hadhramaut) (1395–1967) * Al-Jabriyun (1417–1521) *Banu Khalid (1669–1796) *Al Qasimi (Ras al Khaymah) (1727–present) *House of Saud (Saudi Arabia) (1744–present) *House of Al-Sabah (Kuwait) (1752–present) *Al Nahyan family (Abu Dhabi) (1761–present) *Al Qasimi (Sharjah) (18th century–present) *Al Mualla (Umm al-Quwain) (1775–present) *Al Khalifa family (Bahrain) (1783–present) *Mahra Sultanate (18th century–1967) *Al Nuaimi (Ajman) (1816–present) *House of Thani (Qatar) (1825–present) *Al Maktoum (Dubai) (1833–present) * Al Rashid (1836–1921) *Al Sharqi (Fujairah) (1876–present) *Qu'aiti (1902–1967) *Emirate of Beihan (1903–1967) *Lower Yafa (19th century–1967) *Upper Yafa (19th century–1967) Iran and Caucasus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Iranian Dynasties And Countries
The following is an incomplete list of historical dynasties which were at some time Iranian or the country they ruled were Iranian-speaking and of modern countries with significant Iranian populations or with an official Iranian language. The Iranians consist of Persians, Medes, Scythians, Kurds, Bactrians, Pashtuns, Tajiks, Baloch, Parthians, Sogdians, Sarmatians, Alans, Ossetians, along with others. Current states Independent states * Iran * Afghanistan ** (''de facto'') ** (''de jure'') * Tajikistan * South Ossetia (''de facto'') in Georgia Federal subjects of Russia * North Ossetia–Alania Autonomous regions * Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in China * Kurdistan Region in Iraq * Rojava in Syria * Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan Historical confederation of tribes and Iranian dynasties * Alans * Sogdians * Scythians * Xionites * Dahae * Parthians * Sarmatians * Saka * Medes * Daylamites * The Pahlavas * Massagetaeans * Khwarezm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatolian Beyliks
Anatolian beyliks ( tr, Anadolu beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: ''Tavâif-i mülûk'', ''Beylik'' ) were small principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by beys, the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A second more extensive period of foundations took place as a result of the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm in the second half of the 13th century. One of the beyliks, that of the Osmanoğlu from the Kayi tribe of the Oghuz Turks, from its capital in Bursa completed its conquest of other beyliks by the late 15th century, becoming the Ottoman Empire. The word "beylik" denotes a territory under the jurisdiction of a bey, equivalent in other European societies to a lord. History Following the 1071 Seljuq victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert and the subsequent conquest of Anatolia, Oghuz clans began settling in present-day Turkey. The Seljuq Sultanate's central power established in Konya was largely the result o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkish Language
Turkish ( , ), also referred to as Turkish of Turkey (''Türkiye Türkçesi''), is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 80 to 90 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers also exist in Iraq, Syria, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece, the Caucasus, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia. Cyprus has requested the European Union to add Turkish as an official language, even though Turkey is not a member state. Turkish is the 13th most spoken language in the world. To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish—the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's Reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with a Latin alphabet. The distinctive characteristics of the Turk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persians
The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. They share a common cultural system and are native speakers of the Persian language as well as of the languages that are closely related to Persian. The ancient Persians were originally an ancient Iranian people who had migrated to the region of Persis (corresponding to the modern-day Iranian province of Fars) by the 9th century BCE. Together with their compatriot allies, they established and ruled some of the world's most powerful empires that are well-recognized for their massive cultural, political, and social influence, which covered much of the territory and population of the ancient world.. Throughout history, the Persian people have contributed greatly to art and science. Persian literature is one of the world's most prominent literary traditions. In contemporary terminology, people from Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan who natively speak the Persian language are know ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. The Black Sea is supplied by major rivers, principally the Danube, Dnieper, and Don. Consequently, while six countries have a coastline on the sea, its drainage basin includes parts of 24 countries in Europe. The Black Sea covers (not including the Sea of Azov), has a maximum depth of , and a volume of . Most of its coasts ascend rapidly. These rises are the Pontic Mountains to the south, bar the southwest-facing peninsulas, the Caucasus Mountains to the east, and the Crimean Mountains to the mid-north. In the west, the coast is generally small floodplains below foothills such as the Strandzha; Cape Emine, a dwindling of the east end of the Balkan Mountains; and the Dobruja Plateau considerably farth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parwana (title)
''Parwāna'' or ''pervāne'' ( fa, پروانه, 'butterfly') was a court title of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308). The title may be a poetic abbreviation of the title '' parwānačī'', known from the Ilkhanate (1256–1335). It denoted the messenger who conveyed the sultan's personal messages. It may have originally denoted the messages themselves before coming to apply to the messenger.Claude Cahen (trans. J. Jones-Williams), ''Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History, c. 1071–1330'' (Taplinger, 1968), pp. 221–222. The sources show ''parwāna''s issuing ''farmān''s in relation to the business of the '' dīvān'' (council), of which they were members, and issuing grants of '' iqṭāʿ''s. They headed the chancery and also bore the title ''ṭughrāʾī'' (secretary). A. C. S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yıldız, "Introduction", in ''The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East'' (I. B. Tauris, 2013), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazi Çelebi
The Gazi Chelebi ( tr, Gazi Çelebi, "Warrior Gentleman") was the nickname of a naval commander who controlled the Black Sea port of Sinop in the first decades of the 14th century. His epitaph in the Pervâne Medrese in Sinop states that he was the son of Mas’ud, probably the Mas’ud Bey kidnapped by the Genoese in 1298–99. The Gazi continued his predecessor's policy of harassing Genoese shipping in the Black Sea, and together with the Grand Komnenos (Emperor) of Trebizond Alexios II, was likely responsible for raids on the Genoese port of Kaffa in the Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ... between 1311 and 1314. When Ibn Battuta visited Sinop in either 1332 or 1334, the town had passed into the hands of the Jandarid Bey Ibrahim, but the memory of the Gaz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
