Pepper Leaf Curl Virus

	Pepper Leaf Curl Virus ''Pepper leaf curl virus'' (PepLCV) is a DNA virus from the genus ''Begomovirus'' and the family ''Geminiviridae''. PepLCV causes severe disease especially in pepper ('' Capsicum spp.''). It can be found in tropical and subtropical regions such as Thailand and India, but has also been detected in countries such as the United States and Nigeria. This virus is transmitted by an insect vector from the family ''Aleyrodidae'' and order ''Hemiptera'', the whitefly ''Bemisia tabaci''. The primary host for PepLCV are several ''Capsicum spp.''. PepLCV has been responsible for several epidemics and causes severe economic losses. It is the focus of research trying to understand the genetic basis of resistance. Currently, a source of resistance to the virus has been identified in the Bhut Jolokia pepper. Genome This virus consists of a single circular single-stranded (ss) DNA molecule (2744 nt in size), and betasatellite, which is a common distinction among viruses in the family ''Gemini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Begomovirus ''Begomovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Geminiviridae''. They are plant viruses that as a group have a very wide host range, infecting dicotyledonous plants. Worldwide they are responsible for a considerable amount of economic damage to many important crops such as tomatoes, beans, squash, cassava and cotton. There are 445 species in this genus. Morphology Virus particles are non-enveloped. The nucleocapsid is 38 nanometers (nm) long and 15–22 nm in diameter. While particles have basic icosahedral symmetry, they consist of two incomplete icosahedra—missing one vertex—joined together. There are 22 capsomeres per nucleocapsid. Genome Single stranded closed circular DNA. Many begomoviruses have a bipartite genome: this means that the genome is segmented into two segments (referred to as DNA A and DNA B) that are packaged into separate particles. Both segments are generally required for successful symptomatic infection in a host cell but DNA B is depe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Thrips (genus) ''Thrips'' is a genus of insect in the order Thysanoptera. Ecology Species in the genus ''Thrips'' feed on pollen, and can be major agricultural pests, with several being vectors of tospoviruses. Etymology The name ''Thrips'' comes from the Greek word meaning woodworm. Diversity ''Thrips'' is the largest genus of thrips, with over 280 species, most of which are found in Europe, Africa and the Mediterranean Basin. Other species occur on each of the continents, including one species described from Antarctica. ''Thrips'' includes the species of thrips most frequently intercepted at ports of entry into the United States, '' T. tabaci''. The following species are recognised: '' Thrips abyssiniae'' '' Thrips acaciae'' '' Thrips addendus'' '' Thrips alatus'' '' Thrips albogilvus'' '' Thrips albopilosus'' '' Thrips aleuritis'' '' Thrips alius'' '' Thrips alliorum'' '' Thrips alni'' '' Thrips alysii'' '' Thrips andrewsi'' '' Thrips angusticeps'' '' Thrips annulata'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Integrated Pest Management Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates both chemical and non-chemical practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL). The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization defines IPM as "the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms." Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s. IPM allows for safer pest control. The introduction and spread of invasive species can also be managed wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Papaya Leaf Curl Virus ''Papaya leaf curl virus'' (PaLCuV) is a DNA virus from the genus ''Begomovirus'' and the family ''Geminiviridae''. PaLCuV causes severe disease in papaya (''Carica papaya''), but can sometimes infect other crops such as tobacco or tomato. It can be found in tropical and subtropical regions primarily in India, but closely related species have also been detected in countries such as China, Malaysia, Nigeria and South Korea. This virus is transmitted by an insect vector from the family ''Aleyrodidae'' and order ''Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order (biology), order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Reduviidae, assassin bugs, Cimex, bed bugs, and shield bugs. ...'', the whitefly ''Bemisia tabaci''. PaLCuV has been responsible for several epidemics and causes severe economic losses. Because of the broad diversity of these viruses, their characterization and control remains d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Chilli Leaf Curl Virus ''Chilli leaf curl virus'' (ChiLCV) is a DNA virus from the genus ''Begomovirus'' and the family ''Geminiviridae''. ChiLCV causes severe disease especially in pepper ('' Capsicum spp.''), but also affects other crops such as tomato (''Solanum lycopersicum''). It can be found in tropical and subtropical regions primarily in India, but has also been detected in countries such as Indonesia and Sri Lanka. This virus is transmitted by an insect vector from the family ''Aleyrodidae'' and order ''Hemiptera'', the whitefly ''Bemisia tabaci''. The primary host for ChiLCV are several ''Capsicum spp.,'' but host species also include tomato and amaranth. ChiLCV has been responsible for several epidemics and causes severe economic losses. It is the focus of research trying to understand the genetic basis of resistance. Currently, a few sources of resistance have been discovered and used to breed resistant varieties. Genome This virus typically consists of a single circular single-stranded ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Pepper Leaf Curl Yunnan Virus Pepper or peppers may refer to: Food and spice * Piperaceae or the pepper family, a large family of flowering plant ** Black pepper * ''Capsicum'' or pepper, a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae Bell pepper Chili pepper * Sichuan pepper, a strong spice "Alder pepper", the flower of '' Alnus alnobetula'' Music Pepper (band), a rock-reggae band originally from Hawaii * The Peppers, a French male instrumental group * "Pepper" (song), a 1996 song by Butthole Surfers * "Pepper", an instrumental song by Linkin Park from ''LP Underground 12'' People and fictional characters * Pepper (name), a list of people and fictional characters with either the given name or surname * Peppers (name), a list of people with the surname Science and technology * Pepper (cryptography), a secret value added before hashing * Pepper (robot), a humanoid robot by Aldebaran Robotics and SoftBank Mobile * PPAPI or Pepper Plugin API, an interface for web browser plugins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Pepper Leaf Curl Lahore Virus Pepper or peppers may refer to: Food and spice * Piperaceae or the pepper family, a large family of flowering plant ** Black pepper * ''Capsicum'' or pepper, a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae Bell pepper Chili pepper * Sichuan pepper, a strong spice "Alder pepper", the flower of '' Alnus alnobetula'' Music Pepper (band), a rock-reggae band originally from Hawaii * The Peppers, a French male instrumental group * "Pepper" (song), a 1996 song by Butthole Surfers * "Pepper", an instrumental song by Linkin Park from ''LP Underground 12'' People and fictional characters * Pepper (name), a list of people and fictional characters with either the given name or surname * Peppers (name), a list of people with the surname Science and technology * Pepper (cryptography), a secret value added before hashing * Pepper (robot), a humanoid robot by Aldebaran Robotics and SoftBank Mobile * PPAPI or Pepper Plugin API, an interface for web browser plugins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Pepper Leaf Curl Bangladesh Virus Pepper or peppers may refer to: Food and spice * Piperaceae or the pepper family, a large family of flowering plant ** Black pepper * ''Capsicum'' or pepper, a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae Bell pepper Chili pepper * Sichuan pepper, a strong spice "Alder pepper", the flower of '' Alnus alnobetula'' Music Pepper (band), a rock-reggae band originally from Hawaii * The Peppers, a French male instrumental group * "Pepper" (song), a 1996 song by Butthole Surfers * "Pepper", an instrumental song by Linkin Park from ''LP Underground 12'' People and fictional characters * Pepper (name), a list of people and fictional characters with either the given name or surname * Peppers (name), a list of people with the surname Science and technology * Pepper (cryptography), a secret value added before hashing * Pepper (robot), a humanoid robot by Aldebaran Robotics and SoftBank Mobile * PPAPI or Pepper Plugin API, an interface for web browser plugins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Mite Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear evidence of a close relationship. Most mites are tiny, less than in length, and have a simple, unsegmented body plan. The small size of most species makes them easily overlooked; some species live in water, many live in soil as decomposers, others live on plants, sometimes creating galls, while others again are Predation, predators or Parasitism, parasites. This last type includes the commercially destructive ''Varroa'' parasite of honey bees, as well as scabies mites of humans. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few are associated with allergies or may transmit diseases. The scientific discipline devoted to the study of mites is called acarology. Evolution and taxonomy The mites are not a defined taxon, but is used for two disti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Chlorosis In botany, chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll. As chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of leaves, chlorotic leaves are pale, yellow, or yellow-white. The affected plant has little or no ability to manufacture carbohydrates through photosynthesis and may die unless the cause of its chlorophyll insufficiency is treated and this may lead to a plant diseases called rusts, although some chlorotic plants, such as the albino ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' mutant ''ppi2'', are viable if supplied with exogenous sucrose. The word ''chlorosis'' is derived from the Greek ''khloros'' meaning "greenish-yellow", "pale green", "pale", "pallid", or "fresh". In viticulture, the most common symptom of poor nutrition in grapevines is the yellowing of grape leaves caused by chlorosis and the subsequent loss of chlorophyll. This is often seen in vineyard soils that are high in limestone such as the Italian wine region of Barolo in the Piedmont, the Spanish wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Geminiviridae ''Geminiviridae'' is a family of plant viruses that encode their genetic information on a circular genome of single-stranded (ss) DNA. There are 520 species in this family, assigned to 14 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: bright yellow mosaic, yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields. They have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (i.e. geminivirus genomes are ambisense). According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses. It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses. Mastrevirus and curtovirus Transmission (medicine), transmission is via various leafhopper species (e.g. maize streak virus and other African streak viruses are transmitted by ''Cicadulina mbila''), the only known topocuvirus species, ''Tomato pseudo-curly top virus'', is transmitted by the treehopper ''Micrutalis malleifera'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus ''Tomato yellow leaf curl virus'' (TYLCV) is a DNA virus from the genus ''Begomovirus'' and the family ''Geminiviridae''. TYLCV causes the most destructive disease of tomato, and it can be found in tropical and subtropical regions causing severe economic losses. This virus is transmitted by an insect vector from the family ''Aleyrodidae'' and order ''Hemiptera'', the whitefly ''Bemisia tabaci'', commonly known as the silverleaf whitefly or the sweet potato whitefly. The primary host for TYLCV is the tomato plant, and other plant hosts where TYLCV infection has been found include eggplants, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and peppers. Due to the rapid spread of TYLCV in the last few decades, there is an increased focus in research trying to understand and control this damaging pathogen. Some interesting findings include virus being sexually transmitted from infected males to non-infected females (and vice versa), and an evidence that TYLCV is transovarially transmitted to offspring for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]