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Pentenoic Acid
Pentenoic acid is any of five mono-carboxylic acids whose molecule has an unbranched chain of five carbons connected by three single bonds and one double bond. That is, any compound with one of the formulas (2-pentenoic), (3-pentenoic), or (4-pentenoic). In the IUPAC-recommended nomenclature, these acids are called pent-2-enoic, pent-3-enoic, and pent-4-enoic, respectively. All these compounds have the empirical formula . Pentenoic acids are technically mono-unsaturated fatty acids, although they are rare or unknown in biological lipids ( fats, waxes, phospholipids, etc.). A salt or ester of such an acid is called a pentenoate. Geometric isomers There are actually two 2-pentenoic acids, distinguished by the conformation of the two single C–C bonds adjacent to the double bond: either on the same side of the double bond's plane (''cis'' or ''Z'' configuration) or on opposite sides of it (''trans'' or ''E'' configuration). Likewise, there are two 3-pentenoic acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboxylic Acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group () attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is or , with R referring to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other group. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion. Examples and nomenclature Carboxylic acids are commonly identified by their trivial names. They at oftentimes have the suffix ''-ic acid''. IUPAC-recommended names also exist; in this system, carboxylic acids have an ''-oic acid'' suffix. For example, butyric acid (C3H7CO2H) is butanoic acid by IUPAC guidelines. For nomenclature of complex molecules containing a carboxylic acid, the carboxyl can be considered position one of the parent chain even if there are other substituents, such as 3-chloropropanoic acid. Alternately, it can be named as a "carboxy" or "carboxylic acid" substituent on another ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethyl Cis-2-pentenoate
Ethyl may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Cold Ethyl, a Swedish rock band * Ethyl Sinclair, a character in the ''Dinosaurs'' television show Science and technology * Ethyl group In organic chemistry, an ethyl group (abbr. Et) is an alkyl substituent with the formula , derived from ethane (). ''Ethyl'' is used in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's nomenclature of organic chemistry for a saturated ..., an organic chemistry moiety * Ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) * Ethyl Corporation, a fuel additive company ** Tetraethyllead-treated gasoline See also * Ethel (other) {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valproic Acid
Valproate (VPA) and its valproic acid, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and prevent migraine headaches. They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with absence seizures, partial seizures, and generalized seizures. They can be given intravenously or by mouth, and the tablet forms exist in both long- and short-acting formulations. Common side effects of valproate include nausea, vomiting, somnolence, and dry mouth. Serious side effects can include liver failure, and regular monitoring of liver function tests is therefore recommended. Other serious risks include pancreatitis and an increased suicide risk. Valproate is known to cause serious abnormalities in fetuses if taken during pregnancy, and is contra-indicated for women of childbearing age unless the drug is essential to their medical condition. As of 2022 the drug was still prescribed in the UK to potentially pregnant women, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita Cokeri
''Amanita cokeri'', commonly known as Coker's amanita and solitary lepidella, is a mushroom in the family Amanitaceae. The mushroom is poisonous. First described as ''Lepidella cokeri'' in 1928, it was transferred to the genus '' Amanita'' in 1940. Taxonomy ''Amanita cokeri'' was first described as ''Lepidella cokeri'' by mycologists E.-J.Gilbert and Robert Kühner in 1928. It was in 1940 when the species was transferred from genus ''Lepidella'' to '' Amanita'' by Gilbert. Presently, ''A. cokeri'' is placed under genus '' Amanita'' and section ''Roanokenses''. The epithet ''cokeri'' is in honour of American mycologist and botanist William Chambers Coker. Description Its cap is white in colour, and across. It is oval to convex in shape. The surface is dry but sticky when wet. The cap surface is characterized by large pointed warts, white to brown in colour. Gills are closely spaced and free from the stem. They are cream at first, but can turn white as the mushroom ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azotobacter Vinelandii
''Azotobacter vinelandii'' is Gram-negative diazotroph that can fix nitrogen while grown aerobically. These bacteria are easily cultured and grown. ''A. vinelandii'' is a free-living N2 fixer known to produce many phytohormones and vitamins in soils. It produces fluorescent pyoverdine pigments. Nitrogenase The nitrogenase holoenzyme of ''A. vinelandii'' has been characterised by X-ray crystallography in both ADP tetrafluoroaluminate-bound and Mg ATP-bound states. The enzyme possesses molybdenum iron- sulfido cluster cofactors (FeMoco) as active sites, each bearing two pseudocubic iron-sulfido structures. Applications It is a genetically tractable system that is used to study nitrogen fixation. Genetically engineered strains can produce significantly higher amounts of ammonia. Appropriate ammonia emissions can provide crops with the ammonia they need without excess amounts that can pollute lakes and oceans. Variable ploidy ''A. vinelandii'' can contain up to 80 chr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Oxopent-4-enoic Acid
2-Oxopent-4-enoic acid (2-oxopent-4-enoate) is formed by the dehydration of 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate by 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase or by the hydrolysis of 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde by 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase In enzymology, a 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + H2O \rightleftharpoons formate + 2-oxopent-4-enoate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2- .... References External links Oxopentenoate biocyc.org Alpha-keto acids {{ketone-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butyl 3-pentenoate
In organic chemistry, butyl is a four- carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula , derived from either of the two isomers (''n''-butane and isobutane) of butane. The isomer ''n''-butane can connect in two ways, giving rise to two "-butyl" groups: * If it connects at one of the two terminal carbon atoms, it is normal butyl or ''n''-butyl: (preferred IUPAC name: butyl) * If it connects at one of the non-terminal (internal) carbon atoms, it is secondary butyl or ''sec''-butyl: (preferred IUPAC name: butan-2-yl) The second isomer of butane, isobutane, can also connect in two ways, giving rise to two additional groups: * If it connects at one of the three terminal carbons, it is isobutyl: (preferred IUPAC name: 2-methylpropyl) * If it connects at the central carbon, it is tertiary butyl, ''tert''-butyl or ''t''-butyl: (preferred IUPAC name: ''tert''-butyl) Nomenclature According to IUPAC nomenclature, "isobutyl", "''sec''-butyl", and "''te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isopropyl 3-pentenoate
In organic chemistry, propyl is a three- carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula for the linear form. This substituent form is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom attached to the terminal carbon of propane. A propyl substituent is often represented in organic chemistry with the symbol Pr (not to be confused with the element praseodymium). An isomeric form of propyl is obtained by moving the point of attachment from a terminal carbon atom to the central carbon atom, named 1-methylethyl or isopropyl. To maintain four substituents on each carbon atom, one hydrogen atom has to be moved from the middle carbon atom to the carbon atom which served as attachment point in the ''n''-propyl variant, written as . Linear propyl is sometimes termed normal and hence written with a prefix ''n''- (i.e., ''n-''propyl), as the absence of the prefix ''n''- does not indicate which attachment point is chosen, i.e. absence of prefix does not automatically exclude the possibility of it b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethyl Cis-3-pentenoate
Ethyl may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Cold Ethyl, a Swedish rock band * Ethyl Sinclair, a character in the ''Dinosaurs'' television show Science and technology * Ethyl group In organic chemistry, an ethyl group (abbr. Et) is an alkyl substituent with the formula , derived from ethane (). ''Ethyl'' is used in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's nomenclature of organic chemistry for a saturated ..., an organic chemistry moiety * Ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) * Ethyl Corporation, a fuel additive company ** Tetraethyllead-treated gasoline See also * Ethel (other) {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
