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Pennington, Greater Manchester
Pennington, a suburb of Leigh, in the Wigan district, in the county of Greater Manchester, England. It was one of six townships in the ancient ecclesiastical parish of Leigh, that with Westleigh and Bedford merged to form the town of Leigh in 1875. The township of Pennington covered most of Leigh's town centre. History Toponymy Pennington derives either from the Old English meaning "a farmstead or small holding paying a penny rent" or a "settlement associated with a man named Pinna". Pennington has been variously recorded as Pininton in 1246, Pynynton in 1360, Penynton in 1305, Pynyngton in 1351 and 1442, and Penyngton in 1443. In 1663 it was also recorded as Pinington. Manor Historically Pennington comprised one manor surrounded by a small settlement. Land in Pennington was gifted to Cockersand Abbey by Margery de Pennington in the early 13th century. Adam Pennington who took his name from the township was Lord of the manor at the end of the 13th century. In 1312 the Brads ...
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Metropolitan Borough Of Wigan
The Metropolitan Borough of Wigan is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. It is named after its largest town, Wigan, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Atherton, Greater Manchester, Atherton, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Golborne, Hindley, Greater Manchester, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Leigh, Greater Manchester, Leigh and Tyldesley. The borough also covers the villages and suburbs of Abram, Greater Manchester, Abram, Aspull, Astley, Greater Manchester, Astley, Bryn, Greater Manchester, Bryn, Hindley Green, Lowton, Mosley Common, Orrell, Greater Manchester, Orrell, Pemberton, Greater Manchester, Pemberton, Shevington, Standish, Greater Manchester, Standish, Winstanley, Greater Manchester, Winstanley and Worsley Mesnes. The borough is also the second-most populous district in Greater Manchester. The borough was formed in 1974, replacing several former local government districts. It is the westernmost part of Greater Manchester and is bordered by ...
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West Derby (hundred)
The West Derby Hundred (also known as West Derbyshire) is one of the six subdivisions of the historic county of Lancashire, in northern England. Its name alludes to its judicial centre being the township of West Derby (the suffix ''-shire'' meaning the territory was appropriated to the prefixed settlement). It covered the southwest of Lancashire, containing the ancient ecclesiastical parishes of Walton, Sefton, Childwall, Huyton, Halsall, Altcar, North Meols, Ormskirk, Aughton, Warrington, Prescot, Wigan, Leigh, Liverpool, and Winwick. It corresponds roughly to areas of Merseyside north of the River Mersey and also covered parts of modern West Lancashire Borough, Wigan borough, Warrington Borough and Halton Borough. History Domesday Book When the ''Domesday Book'' was compiled, this hundred was composed of three separate hundreds of West Derby,
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St Mary The Virgin's Church, Leigh
The Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin () is a Church of England parish church in Leigh, Greater Manchester, Leigh, Greater Manchester, England. It is a member of the Salford & Leigh deanery in the archdeaconry of Salford, Greater Manchester, Salford, Anglican Diocese of Manchester, diocese of Manchester. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* Listed building#England and Wales, listed building. Leigh was in the Diocese of Lichfield and Coventry until 1541 when it was transferred to the Diocese of Chester. In 1847 Leigh became the only parish in the West Derby (hundred), Hundred of West Derby to be part of the new Diocese of Manchester. Leigh has had its own deanery since 1933. Before that it was part of the deanery of Eccles, Greater Manchester, Eccles and prior to that Warrington.''A Guide to Leigh Parish Church'', page 2 History St. Mary's is in the centre of Leigh by the Civic Square, which was originally the market place, nex ...
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Aspull
Aspull is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, in Greater Manchester, England. Historically in Lancashire, Aspull, along with Haigh, is surrounded by greenbelt and agricultural land, separated from Westhoughton, on its southeast side, by a brook running through Borsdane Wood. The ground rises from south to north, reaching , and has views towards Winter Hill and the West Pennine Moors. It has a population of 4,977. Aspull was once a centre of mining and textile manufacture, though little evidence of this can be seen in the village today. Haigh Country Park estate lies to the west. History Early history The earliest notice of Aspull is that contained in the survey of 1212, when, as one plough-land, it formed part of the Childwall fee held by Richard son of Robert de Lathom, under the lord of Manchester. The fee was a composite one of 6½ plough-lands (of which Aspull formed one), held chiefly by Richard de Lathom, and partly by Roger de Samlesbury and Alexander de ...
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Urban District (Great Britain And Ireland)
In England and Wales, an urban district was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an elected urban district council (UDC), which shared local government responsibilities with a county council. In England and Wales, urban districts and rural districts were created in 1894 by the Local Government Act 1894 ( 56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) as subdivisions of administrative counties. A similar model of urban and rural districts was also established in Ireland in 1899, which continued separately in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland after 1921. They replaced the earlier system of urban and rural sanitary districts (based on poor law unions) whose functions were taken over by the district councils. The district councils also had wider powers over local matters such as parks, cemeteries and local planning. An urban district usually contained a single parish, while a rural district might contain many. Urban districts were considere ...
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Atherton, Greater Manchester
Atherton () is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester, England and Historic counties of England, historically part of Lancashire. The town, including Hindsford, Howe Bridge and Hag Fold railway station, Hag Fold, is south of Bolton, east of Wigan, and northwest of Manchester. From the 17th century, for about 300 years, Atherton was known as Chowbent, which was frequently shortened to Bent, the town's old nickname. During the Industrial Revolution, the town was a key part of the Manchester Coalfield. Atherton was associated with coal mining and nail manufacture from the 14th century, encouraged by outcropping coal seams. At the beginning of the 20th century, the town was described as "the centre of a district of collieries, cotton mills and iron-works, which cover the surface of the country with their inartistic buildings and surroundings, and are linked together by the equally unlovely dwellings of the people". Atherton's last deep coal mine closed ...
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Bedford, Greater Manchester
Bedford, a suburb of Leigh, Greater Manchester, Leigh, in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Wigan district, in the county of Greater Manchester, England. It was one of three ancient Township (England), townships, Bedford, Pennington, Leigh, Pennington and Westleigh, Leigh, Westleigh, that merged in 1875 to form the town of Leigh. Historic counties of England, Historically, Bedford was in Lancashire. History Toponymy Bedford means the "Ford (crossing), ford of Beda", which crossed Pennington Brook, probably near Beaston Bridge on Warrington Road. It was recorded as Beneford in 1200–21 and Bedeford in 1200 and 1296. Manor The manorialism, manor, held by the Botelers of Warrington, was divided before the time when records survived. Bedford Hall never assumed the role of a manor house and was occupied by tenants of the Kighleys who were absentee landlords. In 1301 half of the manor was held by the Kighleys, a quarter by the Sales who lived at the moated Hopecarr Hall and the rest ...
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Westleigh, Greater Manchester
Westleigh is a suburb of Leigh, Greater Manchester, Leigh, in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Wigan district, in the county of Greater Manchester, England. It was one of three ancient Township (England), townships, Westleigh, Bedford, Leigh, Bedford and Pennington, Leigh, Pennington, that merged in 1875 to form the borough of Leigh. History Toponymy The name Westleigh derives from the Old English and refers to the locality's relative position to Leigh. The name Leigh is derived from ''leah'', meaning originally a "wood" then a "clearing" and finally a "meadow". It was recorded as Westeley in 1237, Westlegh in 1238 and Westlay in Legh in 1292. Manor The early history of Westleigh is closely involved with 'the church of Westley in Leigh', dedicated to St Peter on the Westleigh-Pennington boundary. This church was the centre of a large ecclesiastical parish, and after the English Reformation, Reformation dedicated to Mary (mother of Jesus), St Mary the Virgin, and is now the Chu ...
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Leigh Union Workhouse
Leigh Union workhouse, also known as the Leigh workhouse and after 1930, Atherleigh Hospital, was a workhouse built in 1850 by the Leigh Poor Law Union on Leigh Road, Atherton in the historic county of Lancashire. Background The Elizabethan Poor Law made the townships the unit of administration of the poor laws, and each appointed unpaid Overseers of the Poor to collect poor rates. Paupers were given cash or kind as outdoor relief. Workhouses were more common from the end of the 17th century and provided indoor relief. Pauper children, especially orphans, were often apprenticed to local craftsmen to learn a trade and ease the burden on the poor rates. Workhouses before 1837 There were several small workhouses in the area of the Poor Law Union dating from the 18th century. The Pennington township had a workhouse in King Street, now Leigh town centre, from about 1739. It had stocks and a whipping post and served “as a prison for evildoers and a place for the unhappy poor”. Ru ...
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Workhouse
In Britain and Ireland, a workhouse (, lit. "poor-house") was a total institution where those unable to support themselves financially were offered accommodation and employment. In Scotland, they were usually known as Scottish poorhouse, poorhouses. The earliest known use of the term ''workhouse'' is from 1631, in an account by the mayor of Abingdon, Oxfordshire, Abingdon reporting that "we have erected within our borough a workhouse to set poorer people to work". The origins of the workhouse can be traced to the Statute of Cambridge 1388, which attempted to address the labour shortages following the Black Death in England by restricting the movement of labourers, and ultimately led to the state becoming responsible for the support of the poor. However, mass unemployment following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the introduction of new technology to replace agricultural workers in particular, and a series of bad harvests, meant that by the early 1830s the established sy ...
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Poor Law Union
A poor law union was a geographical territory, and early local government unit, in Great Britain and Ireland. Poor law unions existed in England and Wales from 1834 to 1930 for the administration of poor relief. Prior to the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 the administration of the English Poor Laws was the responsibility of the vestries of individual parishes, which varied widely in their size, populations, financial resources, rateable values and requirements. From 1834 the parishes were grouped into unions, jointly responsible for the administration of poor relief in their areas and each governed by a board of guardians. A parish large enough to operate independently of a union was known as a poor law parish. Collectively, poor law unions and poor law parishes were known as poor law districts. The grouping of the parishes into unions caused larger centralised workhouses to be built to replace smaller facilities in each parish. Poor law unions were later used as a basis for the ...
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Poor Law Amendment Act
The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 ( 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 76) (PLAA) known widely as the New Poor Law, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed by the Whig government of Earl Grey denying the right of the poor to subsistence. It completely replaced earlier legislation based on the Poor Relief Act 1601 ( 43 Eliz. 1. c. 2) and attempted to fundamentally change the poverty relief system in England and Wales (similar changes were made to the poor law for Scotland in 1845). It resulted from the 1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws, which included Edwin Chadwick, John Bird Sumner and Nassau William Senior. Chadwick was dissatisfied with the law that resulted from his report. The Act was passed two years after the Representation of the People Act 1832 which extended the franchise to middle-class men. Some historians have argued that this was a major factor in the PLAA being passed. The act has been described as "the classic example of the fundamen ...
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