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Penitential
A penitential is a book or set of church rules concerning the Christianity, Christian sacrament of penance, used for regular private confession with a confessor-priest, a "new manner of reconciliation with God in Christianity, God" that was promoted by Celtic monks in Ireland in the sixth century AD, under the Egyptian monastic influence of St John Cassian. It consisted of a list of Christian views on sin, sins and the appropriate penances prescribed for them, and served as a type of manual for confessors. Origin The earliest important penitentials were those by the Irish Abbot, abbots Penitential of Cummean, Cummean (who based his work on a sixth-century Celtic monastic text known as the ''Paenitentiale Ambrosianum'') and Columbanus, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Theodore of Tarsus. Most later penitentials are based on theirs, rather than on earlier Roman texts. The number of Irish penitentials and their importance is cited as evidence of the particular strictness of the Iri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paenitentiale Theodori
The ''Paenitentiale Theodori'' (also known as the ''Iudicia Theodori'' or ''Canones Theodori'') is an early medieval penitential handbook based on the judgements of Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury. It exists in multiple versions, the fullest and historically most important of which is the ''U'' or ''Discipulus Umbrensium'' version (hereafter the ''Paenitentiale Umbrense''), composed (probably) in Northumbria within approximately a decade or two after Theodore's death. Other early though far less popular versions are those known today as the ''Capitula Dacheriana'', the ''Canones Gregorii'', the ''Canones Basilienses'', and the ''Canones Cottoniani'', all of which were compiled before the ''Paenitentiale Umbrense'' probably in either Ireland and/or England during or shortly after Theodore's lifetime. Background It is generally accepted by scholars today that Theodore himself is not responsible for any of the penitential works ascribed to him. Rather, a certain associate of Theo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paenitentiale Ecgberhti
The ''Paenitentiale Ecgberhti'' (also known as the ''Paenitentiale Pseudo-Ecgberhti'', or more commonly as either Ecgberht's penitential or the Ecgberhtine penitential) is an early medieval penitential handbook composed around 740, possibly by Archbishop Ecgberht of York. This work should not be confused with the vernacular works known as the '' Old English Penitential'' (formerly the ''Paenitentiale Pseudo-Ecgberhti'') and the '' Scriftboc'' (formerly the ''Confessionale Pseudo-Ecgberhti''). Background Authorship Sources Manuscripts and Transmission There are eleven extant manuscripts that contain the ''Paenitentiale Ecgberhti'', dating from as early as the end of the eighth century to as late as the thirteenth, ranging geographically from southern Germany to Brittany to England. The sigla given below (V6, O1, etc.) are based on those established by the Körntgen–Kottje Editionsprojekt for the ''Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina'', vol. 156, a project whose goal is t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Excarpsus Cummeani
The ''Excarpsus Cummeani'', also called the ''Pseudo-Cummeani'', is an eighth-century penitential, probably written in the north of the Frankish Empire in Corbie Abbey. Twenty-six copies of the manuscript survive; six of those were copied before 800 CE. It is possible that the penitential, which extends its scope beyond monasticism to include clerics and lay people, has a connection to Saint Boniface and his efforts to reform the Frankish church in the first half of the eighth century. Geographic spread by the end of the eighth century and continued copying of the manuscript into the 9th and 10th centuries have been interpreted to mean the work was considered "by the Christian authorities" a canonical text. It was used as late as the eleventh century, "as the main source of the ''P. Parisiense compositum''. Genesis and authorship A penitential is a set of church rules concerning the Christian sacrament of penance; such sets were first developed by Celtic monks in Ireland in the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paenitentiale Bedae
The ''Paenitentiale Bedae'' (also known as the ''Paenitentiale Pseudo-Bedae'', or more commonly as either Bede's penitential or the Bedan penitential) is an early medieval penitential handbook composed around 730, possibly by the Anglo-Saxon monk Bede. Background Authorship Sources Manuscripts and transmission There are four extant manuscripts that contain the ''Paenitentiale Bedae'', all dating to the ninth century, ranging geographically from northeastern France to the Main river region. The sigla given below (W9, Z2, etc.) are those introduced by Reinhard Haggenmüller. Haggenmüller divided the four main surviving witnesses of the ''Paenitentiale Bedae'' into two groups, based broadly on the regions in which they were produced, the nature and arrangement of their accompanying texts, and shared readings in the ''Paenitentiale Bedae'' itself.:Haggenmüller, ''Überlieferung'', 129–49. the 'Rhine-Main river' group consists of the oldest manuscripts (W9 and Se1), while t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penitential Of Finnian
The ''Penitential of Finnian'' is a sixth-century penitential believed to have been written by either Finnian of Clonard or Finnian of Movilla. It contains fifty canons that apply to both the clergy and the laity, but with stricter penances for the former. Composition The identity of the titular author, "Uinniaus", is unclear, with the leading candidates being Finnian of Clonard and Finnian of Movilla, both of whom were Irish clergymen who lived in the sixth century. The contents of Finnian's penitential are mostly original, with some influence from Irish and Welsh sources in addition to the writings of Paul the Apostle, Jerome, and John Cassian. According to a letter from Columbanus to Pope Gregory I, the author of Finnian's penitential also consulted Gildas about ecclesiastical discipline. Thomas Charles-Edwards surmises that the author wrote the penitential some time before 591 and was likely to have been Columbanus's mentor, since the ''Penitential of Finnian'' is one of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penance
Penance is any act or a set of actions done out of contrition for sins committed, as well as an alternative name for the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox sacrament of Reconciliation or Confession. The word ''penance'' derives from Old French and -4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ... and Latin ''paenitentia'', both of which derive from the same root meaning repentance, a sincere change of heart and feeling of remorse ( contrition). Penance and repentance, similar in their derivation and original sense, have come to represent conflicting views of the essence of repentance, arising from the controversy in the Protestant Reformation as to the respective merits of Faith in Christianity">"faith" and "good works". According to dictionary definitions, the primary meaning of ''penance'' is the deeds done out of ''penitence''. Like the latter, ''repentance'' refers to the gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penitential Of Cummean
The ''Penitential of Cummean'' is an Irish penitential, presumably composed c. 650 by an Irish monk named Cummean (or Cominianus). It served as a type of handbook for confessors. Manuscripts Of the remaining manuscript versions, notable are Codex Vat. Pal. Lat. 485, written in the ninth century in Irish-influenced Lorsch Abbey (in modern-day Germany), and Codex Vat. 1349. Although Codex Vat. Pal. Lat. 485 was written in Lorsch, J. Zettinger believed that the book was compiled about the middle of the seventh century in either Scotland or Ireland.Mc Neill, J., ''Medieval Handbooks of Penance: A Translation of the Principal Libri Poenitentiales and Selections from Related Documents'', Chapter 1, “Early Irish Penitentials,”, ser: Records of Civilization Sources and Studies, no. 29 (Columbia University Press, New York, 1938) The precise identification of Cummean is fraught with difficulties. The prologue of Codex Vat. 1349 shows an ascription to “Cumianus Longus” (Cummean Fad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psalm
The Book of Psalms ( , ; ; ; ; , in Islam also called Zabur, ), also known as the Psalter, is the first book of the third section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) called ('Writings'), and a book of the Old Testament. The book is an anthology of Hebrew religious hymns. In the Jewish and Western Christian traditions, there are 150 psalms, and several more in the Eastern Christian churches. The book is divided into five sections, each ending with a doxology, a hymn of praise. There are several types of psalms, including hymns or songs of praise, communal and individual laments, royal psalms, imprecation, and individual thanksgivings. The book also includes psalms of communal thanksgiving, wisdom, pilgrimage and other categories. Many of the psalms contain attributions to the name of King David and other Biblical figures including Asaph, the sons of Korah, Moses and Solomon. Davidic authorship of the Psalms is not accepted as historical fact by modern scholars, who view it as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodore Of Tarsus
Theodore of Tarsus (; 60219 September 690) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 668 to 690. Theodore grew up in Tarsus, but fled to Constantinople after the Persian Empire conquered Tarsus and other cities. After studying there, he relocated to Rome and was later installed as the Archbishop of Canterbury on the orders of Pope Vitalian. Accounts of his life appear in two 8th-century texts. Theodore is best known for his reform of the English Church and establishment of a school in Canterbury. Sources Theodore's life can be divided into the time before his arrival in Britain as Archbishop of Canterbury, and his archiepiscopate. Until recently, scholarship on Theodore had focused on only the latter period since it is attested in Bede's '' Ecclesiastical History of the English'' (''c'' 731), and also in Stephen of Ripon's ''Vita Sancti Wilfrithi'' (early 700s), whereas no source directly mentions Theodore's earlier activities. However, Bernard Bischoff and Michael Lapidge recons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Columbanus
Saint Columbanus (; 543 – 23 November 615) was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries after 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil Abbey in present-day France and Bobbio Abbey in present-day Italy. Columbanus taught an Irish monastic rule and penitential practices for those repenting of sins, which emphasised private confession to a priest, followed by penances imposed by the priest in reparation for the sins. Columbanus is one of the earliest identifiable Hiberno-Latin writers. Sources Most of what we know about Columbanus is based on Columbanus' own works (as far as they have been preserved) and Jonas of Susa's ''Vita Columbani'' (''Life of Columbanus''), which was written between 639 and 641. Jonas entered Bobbio after Columbanus' death but relied on reports of monks who still knew Columbanus. A description of miracles of Columbanus written by an anonymous monk of Bobbio is of much later date.O'Hara, Alexander, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confession (religion)
Confession, in many religions, is the acknowledgment of sinful thoughts and actions. This is performed directly to a deity or to fellow people. It is often seen as a required action of repentance and a necessary precursor to penance and atonement. It often leads to Reconciliation (theology), reconciliation and forgiveness. Christianity Roman Catholicism In Catholic Church, Catholic Christian teaching, the Sacrament of Penance is the method by which individuals confess any Christian views on sin#Catholic views, sins they have committed after their baptism; these sins are then absolution, absolved by God through the administration of a priest, who assigns an act of penance. To Validity and liceity (Catholic Church), validly receive absolution, the penitent must make a sincere sacramental confession of all known mortal sins not yet confessed to a priest and pray an act of contrition (a genre of prayers) that expresses both motives for sorrow and the resolve not to sin again. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Book Burning
Book burning is the deliberate destruction by fire of books or other written materials, usually carried out in a public context. The burning of books represents an element of censorship and usually proceeds from a cultural, religious, or political opposition to the materials in question. Book burning can be an act of contempt for the book's contents or author, intended to draw wider public attention to this opposition, or conceal the information contained in the text from being made public, such as diaries or ledgers. Burning and other methods of destruction are together known as biblioclasm or libricide. In some cases, the destroyed works are irreplaceable and their burning constitutes a severe loss to cultural heritage. Examples include the burning of books and burying of scholars under China's Qin dynasty (213–210 BCE), the destruction of the House of Wisdom during the Mongol Empire, Mongol Siege of Baghdad (1258), siege of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of Aztec codices by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
