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Peercoin
Peercoin, also known as Peer-to-Peer Coin, PP Coin, or PPC is a cryptocurrency utilizing both proof-of-stake and proof-of-work systems. History Peercoin is based on an August 2012 paper which listed the authors as Scott Nadal and Sunny King. King, who also created Primecoin, is a pseudonym. Peercoin was the first implementation of a proof-of-stake–based cryptocurrency. The Peercoin source code is distributed under the MIT/X11 The X Window System (X11, or simply X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays, common on Unix-like operating systems. X provides the basic framework for a GUI environment: drawing and moving windows on the display device and interacting wi ... software license. Economics Peercoin uses both the proof-of-work and proof-of-stake algorithms. Both are used to spread the distribution of new coins. Up to 99% of all Peercoins is created with PoW. Proof-of-stake is used to secure the network: The chain with longest PoS coin age wins in case of a bl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof-of-stake
Proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols are a class of consensus mechanisms for blockchain A blockchain is a type of distributed ledger technology (DLT) that consists of growing lists of records, called ''blocks'', that are securely linked together using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a ...s that work by selecting validators in proportion to their quantity of holdings in the associated cryptocurrency. This is done to avoid the computational cost of proof of work, proof-of-work schemes. The first functioning use of PoS for cryptocurrency was Peercoin in 2012. Description For a blockchain transaction to be recognized, it must be appended to the blockchain. In the proof of stake blockchain the appending entities are named ''minters'' or (in the proof of work blockchains this task is carried out by the Bitcoin mining, miners); in most protocols, the validators receive a reward for doing so. For the blockchain to remain secure, it must ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof-of-stake
Proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols are a class of consensus mechanisms for blockchain A blockchain is a type of distributed ledger technology (DLT) that consists of growing lists of records, called ''blocks'', that are securely linked together using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a ...s that work by selecting validators in proportion to their quantity of holdings in the associated cryptocurrency. This is done to avoid the computational cost of proof of work, proof-of-work schemes. The first functioning use of PoS for cryptocurrency was Peercoin in 2012. Description For a blockchain transaction to be recognized, it must be appended to the blockchain. In the proof of stake blockchain the appending entities are named ''minters'' or (in the proof of work blockchains this task is carried out by the Bitcoin mining, miners); in most protocols, the validators receive a reward for doing so. For the blockchain to remain secure, it must ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptocurrency
A cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network that is not reliant on any central authority, such as a government or bank, to uphold or maintain it. It is a decentralized system for verifying that the parties to a transaction have the money they claim to have, eliminating the need for traditional intermediaries, such as banks, when funds are being transferred between two entities. Individual coin ownership records are stored in a digital ledger, which is a computerized database using strong cryptography to secure transaction records, control the creation of additional coins, and verify the transfer of coin ownership. Despite their name, cryptocurrencies are not considered to be currencies in the traditional sense, and while varying treatments have been applied to them, including classification as commodities, securities, and currencies, cryptocurrencies are generally viewed as a distinc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptocurrency Projects
A cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network that is not reliant on any central authority, such as a government or bank, to uphold or maintain it. It is a decentralized system for verifying that the parties to a transaction have the money they claim to have, eliminating the need for traditional intermediaries, such as banks, when funds are being transferred between two entities. Individual coin ownership records are stored in a digital ledger, which is a computerized database using strong cryptography to secure transaction records, control the creation of additional coins, and verify the transfer of coin ownership. Despite their name, cryptocurrencies are not considered to be currencies in the traditional sense, and while varying treatments have been applied to them, including classification as commodities, securities, and currencies, cryptocurrencies are generally viewed as a distinct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Currencies Introduced In 2012
A currency, "in circulation", from la, currens, -entis, literally meaning "running" or "traversing" is a standardization of money in any form, in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, for example banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a ''system of money'' in common use within a specific environment over time, especially for people in a nation state. Under this definition, the British Pound Sterling (£), euros (€), Japanese yen (¥), and U.S. dollars (US$)) are examples of (government-issued) fiat currencies. Currencies may act as stores of value and be traded between nations in foreign exchange markets, which determine the relative values of the different currencies. Currencies in this sense are either chosen by users or decreed by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance - i.e. legal tender laws may require a particular unit of account for payments to government agencies. Other definitions of the term "currency ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Private Currencies
A private currency is a currency issued by a private entity, be it an individual, a commercial business, a nonprofit or decentralized common enterprise. It is often contrasted with fiat currency issued by governments or central banks. In many countries, the issuance of private paper currencies and/or the minting of metal coins intended to be used as currency may even be a criminal act such as in the United States (18 U.S. Code § 486). Digital cryptocurrency is sometimes treated as an asset instead of a currency. Cryptocurrency is illegal as a currency in a few countries (mainly in West Asia and North Africa). Today, there are over four thousand privately issued currencies in more than 35 countries. These include commercial trade exchanges that use barter credits as units of exchange, private gold and silver exchanges, local paper money, computerized systems of credits and debits, and digital currencies in circulation, such as digital gold currency. Private bank notes In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof-of-work
Proof of work (PoW) is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the ''prover'') proves to others (the ''verifiers'') that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended. Verifiers can subsequently confirm this expenditure with minimal effort on their part. The concept was invented by Moni Naor and Cynthia Dwork in 1993 as a way to deter denial-of-service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work from a service requester, usually meaning processing time by a computer. The term "proof of work" was first coined and formalized in a 1999 paper by Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels. Proof of work was later popularized by Bitcoin as a foundation for consensus in a permissionless decentralized network, in which miners compete to append blocks and mint new currency, each miner experiencing a success probability proportional to the computational effort expended. PoW and PoS (proof of stake) remain the two best known S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof-of-work System
Proof of work (PoW) is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the ''prover'') proves to others (the ''verifiers'') that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended. Verifiers can subsequently confirm this expenditure with minimal effort on their part. The concept was invented by Moni Naor and Cynthia Dwork in 1993 as a way to deter denial-of-service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work from a service requester, usually meaning processing time by a computer. The term "proof of work" was first coined and formalized in a 1999 paper by Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels. Proof of work was later popularized by Bitcoin as a foundation for consensus in a permissionless decentralized network, in which miners compete to append blocks and mint new currency, each miner experiencing a success probability proportional to the computational effort expended. PoW and PoS (proof of stake) remain the two best known S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primecoin
Primecoin (Abbreviation: XPM; sign: Ψ) is a cryptocurrency that implements a proof-of-work system that searches for chains of prime numbers. History Primecoin was launched in 2013 by Sunny King, who also founded peercoin. Unlike other cryptocurrencies, which are mined using algorithms that solved mathematical problems with no extrinsic value, mining Primecoin involves producing chains of prime numbers (Cunningham and bi-twin chains). These are useful to scientists and mathematicians and meet the requirements for a proof of work Proof of work (PoW) is a form of Cryptography, cryptographic proof (truth), proof in which one party (the ''prover'') proves to others (the ''verifiers'') that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended. Verifiers can s ... system of being hard to compute but easy to verify and having an adjustable difficulty. Shortly after its launch, some trade journals reported that the rush of over 18,000 new users seeking to mine Pri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Review Of Financial Studies
''The Review of Financial Studies'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the field of finance. It is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies. It was established following discussions at the 1986 Western Finance Association meetings, and the first issue was published in 1988. The current editor-in-chief is Itay Goldstein. It is considered to be one of the premier finance journals. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.814, ranking it 5/110 in the category "BUSINESS, FINANCE". Editors The following persons are or have been editors-in-chief: * Itay Goldstein (University of Pennsylvania, 2018–present) *Andrew Karolyi (Cornell University, 2014–2018) * David Hirshleifer (UC Irvine, 2011–2014) * Matthew Spiegel (Yale University, 2005–2011) * Maureen O'Hara (Cornell University, 2000–2005) * Ravi Jagannathan (Northwestern University, 1997–2000) * Franklin Allen (University of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2012 Software
1 (one, unit, unity) is a number representing a single or the only entity. 1 is also a numerical digit and represents a single unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of ''unit length'' is a line segment of length 1. In conventions of sign where zero is considered neither positive nor negative, 1 is the first and smallest positive integer. It is also sometimes considered the first of the infinite sequence of natural numbers, followed by 2, although by other definitions 1 is the second natural number, following 0. The fundamental mathematical property of 1 is to be a multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 equals the same number. Most if not all properties of 1 can be deduced from this. In advanced mathematics, a multiplicative identity is often denoted 1, even if it is not a number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number; this was not universally accepted until the mid-20th century. Additionally, 1 is the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Application Layer Protocols
Application may refer to: Mathematics and computing * Application software, computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks ** Application layer, an abstraction layer that specifies protocols and interface methods used in a communications network * Function application, in mathematics and computer science Processes and documents * Application for employment, a form or forms that an individual seeking employment must fill out * College application, the process by which prospective students apply for entry into a college or university * Patent application, a document filed at a patent office to support the grant of a patent Other uses * Application (virtue), a characteristic encapsulated in diligence * Topical application A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
