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Pedia Gens
The gens Pedia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in history during the final century of the Republic, and for the next two centuries they were distinguished in statesmanship, rhetoric, art, and law. The first of the Pedii to obtain the consulship was Quintus Pedius, the nephew of Caesar, in 43 BC. Origin Little is known of the Pedii and their origin. The nomen ''Pedius'' might be derived from the cognomen ''Pedo'', a name referring to someone with broad feet. Praenomina The main families of the Pedii used the praenomina ''Quintus'' and ''Sextus'', both of which were very common throughout Roman history. Individual families used other names, such as ''Lucius, Gaius, Marcus, Publius, Titus, Gnaeus'', and '' Numerius''. Branches and cognomina The Pedii of the Republic do not seem to have had any hereditary surnames, but one member of the family bore the cognomen ''Poplicola'' or ''Publicola'', famous from an early family of the Va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plebeian
In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of the group and the term are unclear, but may be related to the Greek, ''plēthos'', meaning masses. In Latin, the word is a singular collective noun, and its genitive is . Plebeians were not a monolithic social class. Those who resided in the city and were part of the four urban tribes are sometimes called the , while those who lived in the country and were part of the 31 smaller rural tribes are sometimes differentiated by using the label . (List of Roman tribes) In ancient Rome In the annalistic tradition of Livy and Dionysius, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was as old as Rome itself, instituted by Romulus' appointment of the first hundred senators, whose descendants became the patriciate. Modern hypotheses date ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Numerius (praenomen)
Numerius ( , ) is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, usually abbreviated N. The name was never especially common, but was used throughout the period of the Roman Republic, and into imperial times. The feminine form is Numeria.Kajava, ''Roman Female Praenomina'', p. 49, 110 ''ff'', 119. The praenomen also gave rise to the patronymic gens Numeria.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 1214 (" Numerius"). Although ''Numerius'' was occasionally used by patrician gentes, such as the Furii and the Valerii, the only patrician family to use the name regularly was the gens Fabia. Festus relates the story of how ''Numerius'' was introduced to the family after a survivor of the Battle of the Cremera married a daughter of Numerius Otacilius of Maleventum.Chase, p. 138. The name was used more widely amongst the plebeians and in the countryside, and was relatively common in southern Italy. In Roman law, the name ''Numerius Negidius'' was used to refer to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quintus Pedius Publicola
Quintus Pedius Poplicola or Publicola ( first century BC) was a Roman who came from a Roman senatorial family. Biography Early life Publicola was the son of the noblewoman Valeria, one of the sisters to the senator Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, thus was a daughter of Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger and his wife, Polla. His father may have been the Quintus Pedius who was nephew or great nephew of dictator Gaius Julius Caesar. His cognomen Publicola or Poplicola means in Latin "friend of the people". His mother named him this cognomen in honor of her step father consul Lucius Gellius Publicola and also the name Publicola is a cognomen that appears in Valeria's paternal ancestry, the gens Valeria. Valeria has various paternal ancestors with the cognomen Publicola. Career Very little is known on Publicola's life. He may have been quaestor in 41 BCAn inscription of this year (''CIL'' 6, 358) names a ''Quintus Pedius'' as urban quaestor: ''P(ublio) Servilio L(ucio) Antonio co(n)s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fasti Triumphales
The ''Acta Triumphorum'' or ''Triumphalia'', better known as the ''Fasti Triumphales'', or Triumphal Fasti, is a calendar of Roman magistrates honoured with a celebratory procession known as a ''triumphus'', or Roman triumph, triumph, in recognition of an important military victory, from the earliest period down to 19 BC. Together with the related ''Fasti Capitolini'' and other, similar inscriptions found at Rome and elsewhere, they form part of a chronology referred to by various names, including the ''Fasti Annales'' or ''Historici'', ''Fasti Consulares'', or Consular Fasti, and frequently just the ''fasti''.''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', 2nd Ed., pp. 429, 430 ("Fasti"). The ''Triumphales'' were originally engraved on marble tablets, which decorated one of the structures in the Roman Forum, Roman forum. They were discovered in a fragmentary state as the portion of the forum where they were located was being cleared to provide building material for St. Peter's Basilica in 154 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Triumvirate
The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created for Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power. It was formally constituted by law on 27 November 43 BC with a term of five years; it was renewed in 37 BC for another five years before expiring in 32 BC. Constituted by the ''lex Titia'', the triumvirs were given broad powers to make or repeal legislation, issue judicial punishments without due process or right of appeal, and appoint all other magistrates. The triumvirs also split the Roman world into three sets of provinces. The triumvirate, formed in the aftermath of a conflict between Antony and the senate, emerged as a force to reassert Caesarian control over the western provinces and wage war on the ''liberatores'' led by the men who assassinated Julius Caesar. After proscriptions, purging the senatorial and equestrian orders, and a brutal civil war, the ''liberatores'' were defea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Principate, which is the first phase of the Roman Empire, and Augustus is considered one of the greatest leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult as well as an era associated with imperial peace, the ''Pax Romana'' or ''Pax Augusta''. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the "Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession. Originally named Gaius Octavius, he was born into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian ''gens'' Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavius was named in Caesar' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Triumph
The Roman triumph (') was a civil religion, civil ceremony and Religion in ancient Rome, religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or in some historical traditions, one who had successfully completed a foreign war. On the day of his triumph, the general wore a crown of laurel and an all-purple, gold-embroidered triumphal ''toga picta'' ("painted" toga), regalia that identified him as near-divine or near-kingly. In some accounts, his face was painted red, perhaps in imitation of Rome's highest and most powerful god, Jupiter (mythology), Jupiter. The general rode in a four-horse chariot through the streets of Rome in unarmed procession with his army, captives, and the spoils of his war. At Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Jupiter's temple on the Capitoline Hill, he offered sacrifice and the tokens of his victory to the god Jupiter. In Roman Republic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caesar's Civil War
Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) was one of the last politico-military conflicts of the Roman Republic before its reorganization into the Roman Empire. It began as a series of political and military confrontations between Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. Before the war, Caesar had led an invasion of Gaul for almost ten years. A build-up of tensions starting in late 49 BC, with both Caesar and Pompey refusing to back down led, however, to the outbreak of civil war. Eventually, Pompey and his allies induced the Senate to demand Caesar give up his provinces and armies. Caesar refused and instead marched on Rome. The war was a four-year-long politico-military struggle, fought in Italy, Illyria, Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Hispania. Pompey defeated Caesar in 48 BC at the Battle of Dyrrhachium, but was himself defeated decisively at the Battle of Pharsalus. Many former Pompeians, including Marcus Junius Brutus and Cicero, surrendered after the battle, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallic Wars
The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland). Gallic, Germanic, and British tribes fought to defend their homelands against an aggressive Roman campaign. The Wars culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul. Though the Gallic military was as strong as the Romans, the Gallic tribes' internal divisions eased victory for Caesar. Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix's attempt to unite the Gauls under a single banner came too late. Caesar portrayed the invasion as being a preemptive and defensive action, but historians agree that he fought the Wars primarily to boost his political career and to pay off his debts. Still, Gaul was of significant military importance to the Romans. Native tribes in the region, both Gallic and Germanic, had attac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legatus
A ''legatus'' (; anglicised as legate) was a high-ranking Roman military officer in the Roman Army, equivalent to a modern high-ranking general officer. Initially used to delegate power, the term became formalised under Augustus as the officer in command of a legion. From the times of the Roman Republic, legates received large shares of the military's rewards at the end of a successful campaign. This made the position a lucrative one, so it could often attract even distinguished consuls or other high-ranking political figures within Roman politics (e.g., the consul Lucius Julius Caesar volunteered late in the Gallic Wars as a legate under his first cousin, Gaius Julius Caesar). History Roman Republic The rank of legatus existed as early as the Samnite Wars, but it was not until 190 BC that it started to be standardized, meant to better manage the higher numbers of soldiers the Second Punic War had forced to recruit. The legatus of a Roman Republican army was essentially a sup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julia Major (sister Of Caesar)
Julia, also known as Julia Major and Julia the Elder, was the elder sister of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 640. Family Julia was the first of three children born at Rome to the Gaius Julius Caesar, a future proconsul, and his wife Aurelia. The exact year of Julia's birth is not known, but it must almost certainly have been before 103 as her youngest sibling Gaius was born at the earliest 102 BC and there was a middle sister between them. Her name by the convention of the time matched her father's gens, the Julii; adjective ''Major'' distinguished from her sister Julia Minor, though not from other women of gens Julia. Little is known of Julia's life, she may have married twice, once to a Pinarius, a member of a very ancient patrician family, and once to a Pedius, although the order of the marriages are not known. She was the grandmother of Lucius Pinarius and Quintus Pedius, who together with their co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sextus Pedius
Sextus Pedius was a Roman jurist during the late first and early second centuries. He was a contemporary to the Roman Jurists Aulus Ofilius and Massurius Sabinus, and also mentioned in the writings of Pomponius. Pedius' original ideas are only known from the quotations from the Roman jurists Julius Paulus, Ulpian, and Julian. These quotations have survived, although Pedius' original works were not directly incorporated into the ''Digest''. He was the author of extensive commentary on the edicts or proclamations concerning the Praetorian Guard and the aediles. Two of his writings are known: the ''Libri ad Edictum'' (The Books of Edicts, of which Julius Paulus quotes the twenty-fifth), and the ''Libri de Stipulationibus'' (The Books of Agreements), concerning legal interpretation. In a passage quoted by Julius Paulus from the ''Libri de Stipulationibus'', Pedius states with respect to the interpretation of wills, It is best not to scrutinize the proper signification of words, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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