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Pea Enation Mosaic Virus 2
''Umbravirus'' is a genus of plant viruses assigned to the family ''Tombusviridae''. The genus has 11 species. Transmission may be by aphids or mechanical inoculation. The genome is a linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 4200–6900 nucleotides in length. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: *''Carrot mottle mimic virus'' *''Carrot mottle virus'' *''Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus'' *'' Groundnut rosette virus'' *''Ixeridium yellow mottle virus 2'' *''Lettuce speckles mottle virus'' *''Opium poppy mosaic virus'' *''Patrinia mild mottle virus'' *''Pea enation mosaic virus 2'' *''Tobacco bushy top virus'' *''Tobacco mottle virus Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus ''Nicotiana'' of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the ch ...'' References External links Viralzone: Umbravirus Umbraviruses Viral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,Dimmock p. 4 more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or ''virions'', consisting of (i) the genetic material, i. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lettuce Speckles Mottle Virus
''Lettuce speckles mottle virus'' (LSMV) is a pathogenic plant virus. External linksICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database: Lettuce speckles mottle virus Umbraviruses Viral plant pathogens and diseases {{Virus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tobacco Mottle Virus
Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus ''Nicotiana'' of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the chief commercial crop is ''N. tabacum''. The more potent variant ''N. rustica'' is also used in some countries. Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in cigarettes and cigars, as well as pipes and shishas. They can also be consumed as snuff, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco, and snus. Tobacco contains the highly addictive stimulant alkaloid nicotine as well as harmala alkaloids. Tobacco use is a cause or risk factor for many deadly diseases, especially those affecting the heart, liver, and lungs, as well as many cancers. In 2008, the World Health Organization named tobacco use as the world's single greatest preventable cause of death. Etymology The English word ''tobacco'' originates from the Spanish word "tabaco". ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tobacco Bushy Top Virus
Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus ''Nicotiana'' of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the chief commercial crop is ''N. tabacum''. The more potent variant ''N. rustica'' is also used in some countries. Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in cigarettes and cigars, as well as pipes and shishas. They can also be consumed as snuff, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco, and snus. Tobacco contains the highly addictive stimulant alkaloid nicotine as well as harmala alkaloids. Tobacco use is a cause or risk factor for many deadly diseases, especially those affecting the heart, liver, and lungs, as well as many cancers. In 2008, the World Health Organization named tobacco use as the world's single greatest preventable cause of death. Etymology The English word ''tobacco'' originates from the Spanish word "tabaco". ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pea Enation Mosaic Virus
Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) is really two plant pathogenic viruses. The two RNAs of the disease are now categorised as two separate, Mutualism (biology), mutualistic viruses: * Pea enation mosaic virus 1 is an ''Enamovirus'' * Pea enation mosaic virus 2 is an ''Umbravirus'' They are spread by Green aphid, green- or pea aphids and affects such legumes as pea, alfalfa, Vicia faba, broadbean or sweet pea mostly in temperate regions. Symptoms include Chlorosis, chlorotic, translucent or Necrosis, necrotic lesions, malformation of leaves and stipules, and plant distortion. However, the most characteristic symptom is the formation of enations on the abaxial, i.e. downy, leaf side. Enations are derived from the cells of vascular bundles undergoing hyperplasia. References External linksICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Pea enation mosaic virus Viral pla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patrinia Mild Mottle Virus
''Patrinia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the honeysuckle family ( Caprifoliaceae). There are about 17 species native to grassy mountain habitats in China, Siberia and Japan. These are unassuming clump-forming perennial plants having thin, erect stems with few leaves and bearing a terminal inflorescence with yellow or white flowers. Selected species * ''Patrinia gibbosa'' * ''Patrinia scabiosifolia'' * ''Patrinia triloba'' * ''Patrinia villosa'' Fossil record One fossil fruit of †''Patrinia palaeosibirica'' has been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages. The Middle Miocene is preceded by the Early Miocene. The sub-epoch lasted from 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma to 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma (million y ... fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opium Poppy Mosaic Virus
Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: ''Lachryma papaveris'') is dried latex obtained from the seed Capsule (fruit), capsules of the opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade. The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and thebaine, and non-analgesic alkaloids such as papaverine and noscapine. The traditional, labor-intensive method of obtaining the latex is to scratch ("score") the immature seed pods (fruits) by hand; the latex leaks out and dries to a sticky yellowish residue that is later scraped off and dehydrated. The word ''meconium'' (derived from the Greek for "opium-like", but now used to refer to newborn stools) historically referred to related, weaker preparations made from other parts of the opium poppy or different species of poppies. The production ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ixeridium Yellow Mottle Virus 2
''Ixeridium'' is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. ; Species * ''Ixeridium aculeolatum'' C.Shih - Tibet * ''Ixeridium alpicola'' (Takeda) Pak & Kawano - Japan * ''Ixeridium beauverdianum'' (H.Lév.) Spring. - Bhutan, Japan, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, China * ''Ixeridium biparum'' C.Shih - southern China * ''Ixeridium dentatum'' (Thunb. ex Thunb.) Tzvelev - Kuril Islands, China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, * ''Ixeridium gracile'' (DC.) Pak & Kawano - Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Assam, Tibet, Yunnan * ''Ixeridium kurilense'' Barkalov - Kuril Islands * ''Ixeridium laevigatum'' (Blume) Pak & Kawano - China, Japan, Korea, Assam, Philippines, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea * ''Ixeridium parvum'' (Kitam.) Pak & Kawano - Kyushu * ''Ixeridium sagittarioides'' (C.B.Clarke) Pak & Kawano - Yunnan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand * '' Ixeridium sandsii'' D.J.N.Hind & R.J.Johns - New Guinea * '' Ixeridium siamense'' (Kerr) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aphids
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A typical life cycle involves flightless females giving live birth to female nymphs—who may also be already pregnant, an adaptation scientists call telescoping generations—without the involvement of males. Maturing rapidly, females breed profusely so that the number of these insects multiplies quickly. Winged females may develop later in the season, allowing the insects to colonize new plants. In temperate regions, a phase of sexual reproduction occurs in the autumn, with the insects often overwintering as eggs. The life cycle of some species involves an alternation between two species of host plants, for example between an annual crop and a woody plant. Some species feed on only one type of plant, while others are generalists, coloni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Groundnut Rosette Virus
''Groundnut rosette virus'' (GRV) is a peanut pathogenic virus found in Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the List of sov .... It is transmitted between plants by insect vectors such as the groundnut aphid (''Aphis craccivora''). History The groundnut (''Arachis hypogaea'') originated in South America where it has long been domesticated. More recently it has been cultivated in other parts of the world and is an important subsistence crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. Groundnut rosette virus was first described in Africa in 1907 and causes serious damage to groundnut crops on that continent. In 1939 it was reported to infect 80 to 90% of plants in the Belgian Congo causing major losses in yield. The virus can spread rapidly through a crop. In a study in Tanzania, the fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethiopian Tobacco Bushy Top Virus
Ethiopians are the native inhabitants of Ethiopia, as well as the global diaspora of Ethiopia. Ethiopians constitute several component ethnic groups, many of which are closely related to ethnic groups in neighboring Eritrea and other parts of the Horn of Africa. The first documented use of the name "Ethiopia" from Greek name "Αἰθίοψ" (Ethiopian) was in the 4th century during the reign of Aksumite king Ezana. There were three ethnolinguistic groups in the Kingdom of Aksum; Semitic, Cushitic, and Nilo-Saharan (ancestors of the modern-day Kunama and Nara). The Kingdom of Aksum remained a geopolitically influential entity until the pillage of its capital — also named Axum — in the 10th century by Queen Gudit. Nevertheless, the core Aksumite civilization was preserved and continued into the successive Zagwe dynasty. By this time, new ethnic groups emerged – the Tigrayans and Amharas. During the Solomonic period, the latter established major political and cultur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
