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Pathinenkilkanakku
The Eighteen Lesser Texts, known as the Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku ( ta, பதினெண்கீழ்கணக்கு) in the literature, is a collection of eighteen poetic works mostly created during the 'post Sangam period' (between 100 and 500 CE). The poems of this collection differ from the earlier works of the Eighteen Greater Texts (''Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku''), which are the oldest surviving Tamil poetry, in that the poems are written in the venpa meter and are relatively short in length. Naladiyar, having sung by 400 poets, is the only anthology in this collection. Each of the remaining works of the Eighteen Lesser Texts is sung by a single poet. Unlike the works of the Eighteen Greater Texts, most of the books of the Eighteen Lesser Texts deal with morals and ethics. Works of the "Eighteen lesser books" collection The Eighteen Lesser Texts contains the following books: * ''Nālaṭiyār'' * ''Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai'' * ''Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu'' * '' Iṉiyava ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ācārakkōvai
Acharakkovai ( ta, ஆசாரக்கோவை) is a poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 600 and 900 CE. ''Acharakkovai'' contains 100 poems written by the poet Peruvaayin Mulliyaar. The poems of ''Acharakkovai'' are written in the Venpa meter. Literature ''Acharakkovai'' literally translates to "the garland of right conduct" of a Saiva author, Kayatturp Peruvayil Mulliyar. ''Acharakkovai'' shows influences of Sanskrit literature and hence believed to be of a later period than the other poems in the ''Pathinenkilkanakku'' anthology. The instructions in ''Acharakkovai'' are concerned with personal ritual and the correct method to follow. The work has 100 stanzas in ''venpa'' meter and is a collection of moral exhortations, ritual observances and customs that are considered proper and correct.Zvelebil 1974, p. 124 8 poems ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu
Tiṉaimozhi Aimpatu ( ta, திணைமொழி ஐம்பது) is a Tamil poetic work belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Tiṉaimozhi Aimpatu'' contains fifty poems written by the poet Kannan Chenthanaar. The poems of ''Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu'' deal with ''agam'' (internal) subjects. ''Agam'' in the Sangam literature denotes the subject matters that deal with the intangibles of life such as human emotions, love, separation, lovers' quarrels, etc. The poems of ''Tiṉaimozhi Aimpatu'' are categorised into ten poems for each of the five ''thinai'', or landscape of Sangam poetry and describe in detail the situation and emotions specific to each landscape. The five landscapes of Sangam poetry are ''mullai'' – forest, ''kurinji'' – mountains, ''marutham'' – farmland, ''paalai'' – arid land and ''neithal'' – seashore. Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tirikaṭukam
Thirikatukam (Tamil: திரிகடுகம்) is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Thirikatukam'' contains 100 poems written by the poet Nallathanaar. The poems of ''Thirikatukam'' are written in the Venpa meter. ''Thirikatukam'' uses the analogy of the traditional herbal medicine, which uses the three herbs ''sukku'' (dried ginger), ''milaku'' (pepper) and ''thippili'' (Long pepper Long pepper (''Piper longum''), sometimes called Indian long pepper or ''thippali'', is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. Long pepper has a taste simi ...) to cure maladies of the stomach. ''Thirikatugam'' similarly uses three different maxims to illustrate correct behaviour. References * Mudaliyar, Singaravelu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tamil Literature
Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from Tamil people from South India, including the land now comprising Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Eelam Tamils from Sri Lanka, as well as the Tamil diaspora. The history of Tamil literature follows the history of Tamil Nadu, closely following the social, economical, political and cultural trends of various periods. The early Sangam literature, dated before 300 BCE, contain anthologies of various poets dealing with many aspects of life, including love, war, social values and religion.Akananuru (1, 15, 31, 55, 61, 65, 91, 97, 101, 115, 127, 187, 197, 201, 211, 233, 251, 265, 281, 311, 325, 331, 347, 349, 359, 393, 281, 295), Kurunthogai (11), and Natrinai (14, 75) are dated before 300 BCE. This was followed by the early epics and moral literature, author ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kainnilai
Kainnilai (Tamil:கைந்நிலை), and Innilai (Tamil:இன்னிலை) are Tamil poetic works belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. These two books together form the eighteenth book in the anthology, belonging to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Kainnilai'' contains sixty poems written by the poet Pullangkaathanaar(புல்லங்காட) and ''Innilai'' contains 45 poems and was written by the poet Poigayaar(பொய்கையார). The poems of ''Innilai'' deal with the ethical concepts of ''aram'' – propriety, ''porul'' – wealth, ''inpam'' – love and ''veedu'' – salvation. In this respect it is similar to ''Tirukkural'' which also concerns with these concepts. ''Kainnilai'' is available in a much-damaged condition with many of its poems only partially available. ''Kainnilai'' deals with the subjective (''agam'') concepts. ''Agam'' in the Sangam li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elāti
Elathi is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Elathi'' contains 80 poems written by the poet Kani Methaviyar. The poems of ''Elathi'' are written in the Venpa meter. ''Elathi'' uses the analogy of the traditional herbal medicine known as ''elathi'' which uses six herbs such as ''elam'' (cardamom), ''ilavanka pattai'' (cinnamon), ''naagakesaram'' (made from the stamens of the Ceylon ironwood), ''milagu'' (black pepper), ''thippili'' (long pepper), and ''sukku'' (dried ginger Ginger (''Zingiber officinale'') is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring or coloring food. Spices ...). ''Elathi'' similarly uses six different maxims to illustrate correct behavio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutumoḻikkānci
Muthumozhikkanchi (Tamil: முதுமொழிக்காஞ்சி) is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Muthumozhikkanchi'' contains 100 poems written by the poet Mathuraikkoodalaar Kilaar who must have lived in Madurai. The poems of ''Muthumozhikkanchi'' are divided into ten groups of ten poems each and employs simple poetic style to enable the lay person to understand the messages. All the poems start with the same phrase - ஆர்கலி உலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம் ("For all the people of this world") as a preface and the rest of the first line qualifies the characteristic dealt by the rest of the ten lines of the section. In the following poem, the excellence (சிறந்தன்று) of righteous behaviour and chastity are found in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu
Inna Narpathu () is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. The poems of ''Inna Narpathu'' are written in the Venpa meter. It was authored by Kapilar (c. 50–125 CE). ''Inna Narpathu'' is a collection of 40 poems describing the most undesirable things one should avoid. One of the meanings of the Tamil word ''Inna'' is one that brings unhappiness. ''Inna Narpathu'' includes four categories of harmful things one should avoid: a beautiful but disloyal wife, the wealth of a miser, a life under a tyrant, beauty of a flower without fragrance. ''Inna Narpathu'', together with '' Iniyavai Narpathu'' spells out in simple and succinct terms moral codes essential for daily life of the individual and for the society. They both emphasise the importance of education and individual responsibility in society. References * Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Liter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu
Iniyavai Narpathu () a classic Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the post Sangam period corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Iniyavai Narpathu'' is a collection of 40 poems written by the poet Putham Sernthanar describing the most desirable things in life. The poems of '' Iniyavai Narpathu'' are written in the Venpa meter. This collection is very similar to '' Inna Narpathu'', which deals with the forty things one should avoid. ''Iniyavai Narpathu'' includes four categories of things one should seek in life: learning even at the expense of begging, the advice of learned persons, healthy children, strength to not covet other's spouse. ''Iniyavai Narpathu'', together with ''Inna Narpathu'' spells out in simple and succinct terms moral codes essential for daily life of the individual and for the society. They both emphasise the importance of education and individ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kār Nāṟpatu
Kaar Narpathu (Tamil: கார் நாற்பது) is a Tamil poetic work belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 – 500 CE. ''Kar Narpathu'' contains forty poems written by the poet Kannankoothanaar, who lived in Madurai. The poems of ''Kaar Narpathu'' deal with the ''agam'' (internal) subjects. ''Agam'' in the Sangam literature denotes the subject matters that deal with the intangibles of life such as human emotions, love, separation, lovers' quarrels, etc. Most of the poems of ''Kar Narpathu'' are in the form of the heroine being consoled by her friend by describing the beauties of the rainy season (the Tamil word ''Kaar'' means rain). References * Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983) * http://tamilnation.org/literature/pathinen/pm0 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu
Kalavazhi Narpathu (Tamil: களவழி நாற்பது) is a Tamil poetic work belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Kalavazhi Narpathu'' contains forty poems written by the poet Poigayaar. The poems of ''Kalavazhi Narpathu'' deal with the ''puram'' (external) subjects. ''Puram'' in the Sangam literature denotes the subject matters that deal with war, politics, wealth, and so forth. References * Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983) * http://www.tamilnation.co/literature/pathinen/pm0025.pdf ''Kalavazhi Narpathu'' eText at Project madurai Project Madurai (மதுரை தமிழ் இலக்கிய மின்தொகுப்புத் திட்டம்) is an open and voluntary initiative to publish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciṟupañcamūlam
Ciṟupañcamūlam (Siruppanchamulam) (Tamil: சிறுபஞ்சமூலம்) is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 – 500 CE. ''Siruppanchamulam'' contains 100 poems written by the poet Kariyaasaan. He was probably a Jain by religious persuasion. This and the fact that he was a student of one Makkayanaar is known from the introductory poem of this book. The poems of ''Siruppanchamulam'' are written in the Venpa meter. Siruppanchamulam uses the analogy of the traditional herbal medicine, which uses the roots of the five herbs ''kandankatthiri'' (a plant of the nightshade family – ''Solanum xanthocarpum''), ''siruvzhuthunai'', ''sirumalli'', ''perumalli'', and ''nerunji'' (a thorny prostrate plant – ''Tribulus terrestris'') to cure certain maladies. ''Siruppanchamulam'' similarly uses five differen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
