|
Path Graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a path graph (or linear graph) is a graph whose vertices can be listed in the order such that the edges are where . Equivalently, a path with at least two vertices is connected and has two terminal vertices (vertices of degree 1), while all others (if any) have degree 2. Paths are often important in their role as subgraphs of other graphs, in which case they are called paths in that graph. A path is a particularly simple example of a tree, and in fact the paths are exactly the trees in which no vertex has degree 3 or more. A disjoint union of paths is called a linear forest. Paths are fundamental concepts of graph theory, described in the introductory sections of most graph theory texts. See, for example, Bondy and Murty (1976), Gibbons (1985), or Diestel (2005). As Dynkin diagrams In algebra, path graphs appear as the Dynkin diagrams of type A. As such, they classify the root system of type A and the Weyl group of type A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algebra
Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication. Elementary algebra is the main form of algebra taught in schools. It examines mathematical statements using variables for unspecified values and seeks to determine for which values the statements are true. To do so, it uses different methods of transforming equations to isolate variables. Linear algebra is a closely related field that investigates linear equations and combinations of them called '' systems of linear equations''. It provides methods to find the values that solve all equations in the system at the same time, and to study the set of these solutions. Abstract algebra studies algebraic structures, which consist of a set of mathemati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graduate Texts In Mathematics
Graduate Texts in Mathematics (GTM) () is a series of graduate-level textbooks in mathematics published by Springer-Verlag. The books in this series, like the other Springer-Verlag mathematics series, are yellow books of a standard size (with variable numbers of pages). The GTM series is easily identified by a white band at the top of the book. The books in this series tend to be written at a more advanced level than the similar Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics series, although there is a fair amount of overlap between the two series in terms of material covered and difficulty level. List of books #''Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory'', Gaisi Takeuti, Wilson M. Zaring (1982, 2nd ed., ) #''Measure and Category – A Survey of the Analogies between Topological and Measure Spaces'', John C. Oxtoby (1980, 2nd ed., ) #''Topological Vector Spaces'', H. H. Schaefer, M. P. Wolff (1999, 2nd ed., ) #''A Course in Homological Algebra'', Peter Hilton, Urs Stammbach (1997, 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cycle (graph Theory)
In graph theory, a cycle in a graph is a non-empty trail in which only the first and last vertices are equal. A directed cycle in a directed graph is a non-empty directed trail in which only the first and last vertices are equal. A graph without cycles is called an ''acyclic graph''. A directed graph without directed cycles is called a '' directed acyclic graph''. A connected graph without cycles is called a ''tree''. Definitions Circuit and cycle * A circuit is a non-empty trail in which the first and last vertices are equal (''closed trail''). : Let be a graph. A circuit is a non-empty trail with a vertex sequence . * A cycle or simple circuit is a circuit in which only the first and last vertices are equal. * ''n'' is called the length of the circuit resp. length of the cycle. Directed circuit and directed cycle * A directed circuit is a non-empty directed trail in which the first and last vertices are equal (''closed directed trail''). : Let be a directed grap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Path Decomposition
In graph theory, a path decomposition of a Graph (discrete mathematics), graph is, informally, a representation of as a "thickened" path graph, and the pathwidth of is a number that measures how much the path was thickened to form . More formally, a path-decomposition is a sequence of subsets of Vertex (graph theory), vertices of such that the endpoints of each edge appear in one of the subsets and such that each vertex appears in a contiguous subsequence of the subsets,. and the pathwidth is one less than the size of the largest set in such a decomposition. Pathwidth is also known as interval thickness (one less than the maximum clique size in an interval graph, interval Glossary of graph theory#Subgraphs, supergraph of ), vertex separation number, or node searching number. Pathwidth and path-decompositions are closely analogous to treewidth and tree decompositions. They play a key role in the theory of graph minors: the families of graphs that are closed under graph min ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Null Graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the term "null graph" may refer either to the order-zero graph, or alternatively, to any edgeless graph (the latter is sometimes called an "empty graph"). Order-zero graph The order-zero graph, , is the unique graph having no vertices (hence its order is zero). It follows that also has no edges. Thus the null graph is a regular graph of degree zero. Some authors exclude from consideration as a graph (either by definition, or more simply as a matter of convenience). Whether including as a valid graph is useful depends on context. On the positive side, follows naturally from the usual set-theoretic definitions of a graph (it is the ordered pair for which the vertex and edge sets, and , are both empty), in proofs it serves as a natural base case for mathematical induction, and similarly, in recursively defined data structures is useful for defining the base case for recursion (by treating the null tree as the child of missing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complete Graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique edge. A complete digraph is a directed graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a pair of unique edges (one in each direction). Graph theory itself is typically dated as beginning with Leonhard Euler's 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. However, drawings of complete graphs, with their vertices placed on the points of a regular polygon, had already appeared in the 13th century, in the work of Ramon Llull. Such a drawing is sometimes referred to as a mystic rose. Properties The complete graph on vertices is denoted by . Some sources claim that the letter in this notation stands for the German word , but the German name for a complete graph, , does not contain the letter , and other sources state that the notation honors the contributions of Kazimierz Kuratowski to graph theory. has edg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caterpillar Tree
In graph theory, a caterpillar or caterpillar tree is a tree (graph theory), tree in which all the Vertex (graph theory), vertices are within distance 1 of a central Path graph, path. Caterpillars were first studied in a series of papers by Harary and Schwenk. The name was suggested by Arthur Hobbs (mathematician), Arthur Hobbs. As colorfully write, "A caterpillar is a tree which metamorphoses into a path when its cocoon of endpoints is removed.". Equivalent characterizations The following characterizations all describe the caterpillar trees: *They are the trees for which removing the leaves and incident edges produces a path graph. *They are the trees in which there exists a path that contains every vertex of degree two or more. *They are the trees in which every vertex of degree at least three has at most two non-leaf neighbors. *They are the trees that do not contain as a subgraph the graph formed by replacing every edge in the star graph ''K''1,3 by a path of length two. *T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ladder Graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the ladder graph is a planar, undirected graph with vertices and edges. The ladder graph can be obtained as the Cartesian product of two path graphs, one of which has only one edge: . Properties By construction, the ladder graph L''n'' is isomorphic to the grid graph ''G''2,''n'' and looks like a ladder with ''n'' rungs. It is Hamiltonian with girth 4 (if ''n>1'') and chromatic index 3 (if ''n>2''). The chromatic number of the ladder graph is 2 and its chromatic polynomial is (x-1)x(x^2-3x+3)^. Image:Ladder graph L8 2COL.svg, The chromatic number of the ladder graph is 2. Ladder rung graph Sometimes the term "ladder graph" is used for the ''n'' × ''P''2 ladder rung graph, which is the graph union of ''n'' copies of the path graph P2. Circular ladder graph The circular ladder graph ''CL''''n'' is constructible by connecting the four 2-degree vertices in a ''straight'' way, or by the Cartesian product of a cycle of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Path (graph Theory)
In graph theory, a path in a graph is a finite or infinite sequence of edges which joins a sequence of vertices which, by most definitions, are all distinct (and since the vertices are distinct, so are the edges). A directed path (sometimes called dipath) in a directed graph is a finite or infinite sequence of edges which joins a sequence of distinct vertices, but with the added restriction that the edges be all directed in the same direction. Paths are fundamental concepts of graph theory, described in the introductory sections of most graph theory texts. See e.g. , , or . cover more advanced algorithmic topics concerning paths in graphs. Definitions Walk, trail, and path * A walk is a finite or infinite sequence of edges which joins a sequence of vertices. : Let be a graph. A finite walk is a sequence of edges for which there is a sequence of vertices such that ''Φ''(''e''''i'') = for . is the ''vertex sequence'' of the walk. The walk is ''closed'' if ''v''1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Symmetric Group
In abstract algebra, the symmetric group defined over any set is the group whose elements are all the bijections from the set to itself, and whose group operation is the composition of functions. In particular, the finite symmetric group \mathrm_n defined over a finite set of n symbols consists of the permutations that can be performed on the n symbols. Since there are n! (n factorial) such permutation operations, the order (number of elements) of the symmetric group \mathrm_n is n!. Although symmetric groups can be defined on infinite sets, this article focuses on the finite symmetric groups: their applications, their elements, their conjugacy classes, a finite presentation, their subgroups, their automorphism groups, and their representation theory. For the remainder of this article, "symmetric group" will mean a symmetric group on a finite set. The symmetric group is important to diverse areas of mathematics such as Galois theory, invariant theory, the re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weyl Group
In mathematics, in particular the theory of Lie algebras, the Weyl group (named after Hermann Weyl) of a root system Φ is a subgroup of the isometry group of that root system. Specifically, it is the subgroup which is generated by reflections through the hyperplanes orthogonal to at least one of the roots, and as such is a finite reflection group. In fact it turns out that ''most'' finite reflection groups are Weyl groups. Abstractly, Weyl groups are finite Coxeter groups, and are important examples of these. The Weyl group of a semisimple Lie group, a semisimple Lie algebra, a semisimple linear algebraic group, etc. is the Weyl group of the root system of that group or algebra. Definition and examples Let \Phi be a root system in a Euclidean space V. For each root \alpha\in\Phi, let s_\alpha denote the reflection about the hyperplane perpendicular to \alpha, which is given explicitly as :s_\alpha(v)=v-2\frac\alpha, where (\cdot,\cdot) is the inner product on V. The Weyl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
