|
Partito D'Azione
The Action Party (, PdA) was a liberal-socialist political party in Italy. The party was anti-fascist and republican. Its prominent leaders were Carlo Rosselli, Ferruccio Parri, Emilio Lussu and Ugo La Malfa. Other prominent members included Leone Ginzburg, Ernesto de Martino, Norberto Bobbio, Riccardo Lombardi, Vittorio Foa and the Nobel-winning poet Eugenio Montale. History Founded in July 1942 by former militants of Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Freedom), liberal-socialists and democrats. Ideologically, they were heirs to the liberal socialism of Carlo Rosselli and to Piero Gobetti's liberal revolution, whose writings rejected Marxist economic determinism and aimed at the overcoming of class struggle and for a new shape of socialism, respect for civil liberty and for radical change in both the social and the economic structure of Italy. From January 1943, it published a clandestine newspaper, '' L'Italia Libera'' (''Free Italy''), edited by Leone Ginzburg. In th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Action Party (Italy, 1853)
The Action Party () was an Italian pre-unitary political party active during the Risorgimento. It was the first organized party in the history of Italy. History After the failure of the Italian revolutions of 1848, Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy was dissolved as a political organization to form the Italian National Association (), which was still led by Mazzini. During the 1848–1849, the Italian National Association competed against the rival Moderate Party led by Vincenzo Gioberti and Massimo d'Azeglio that won the election in the Kingdom of Sardinia and established a new government. After some years of weak activities, the Italian National Association was renamed in 1853 by Mazzini to the Action Party, which published the booklet-manifesto "To the Italians" (''Agli Italiani'') and invited Italians to start various rebel and republican organizations. This tactic was changed after the failed invasion of Sapri of the same year, where Carlo Pisacane died. In 1860, the A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centre-left Politics
Centre-left politics is the range of left-wing political ideologies that lean closer to the political centre. Ideologies commonly associated with it include social democracy, social liberalism, progressivism, and green politics. Ideas commonly supported by the centre-left include welfare capitalism, social justice, liberal internationalism, and multiculturalism. Economically, the centre-left supports a mixed economy in a democratic capitalist system, often including economic interventionism, progressive taxation, and the right to unionize. Centre-left politics are contrasted with far-left politics that reject capitalism or advocate revolution. The centre-left developed with the rest of the left–right political spectrum in 18th and 19th century France, where the centre-left included those who supported transfer of powers from the French monarchy, monarchy to parliament or endorsed Moderate Republicans (France, 1848–1870), moderate republicanism. Early progressivism and left ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economic Determinism
Economic determinism is a socioeconomic theory that economic relationships (such as being an owner or capitalist or being a worker or proletarian) are the foundation upon which all other societal and political arrangements in society are based. The theory stresses that societies are divided into competing economic classes whose relative political power is determined by the nature of the economic system. In the writing of American history the term is associated with historian Charles A. Beard (1874–1948), who was not a Marxist but who emphasized the long-term political contest between bankers and business interest on the one hand, and agrarian interests on the other. Relation to Marxist philosophy According to Marx, each social mode of production produces the material conditions of its reproduction. Otherwise said, it is the ideology that is responsible for grounding secondary civil services such as politics, legislature, and even culture to an extent. Roughly speaking, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marxism
Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, and social transformation. Marxism originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thought, and as a result, there is no single, definitive " Marxist theory". Marxism has had a profound effect in shaping the modern world, with various left-wing and far-left political movements taking inspiration from it in varying local contexts. In addition to the various schools of thought, which emphasize or modify elements of classical Marxism, several Marxian concepts have been incorporated into an array of social theories. This has led to widely varying conclusions. Alongside Marx's critique of political economy, the defining cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piero Gobetti
Piero Gobetti (; 19 June 1901 – 15 February 1926) was an Italian journalist, intellectual, and anti-fascist. A radical and revolutionary liberal, he was an exceptionally active campaigner and critic in the crisis years in Italy after the First World War and into the early years of Fascist Italy. Early life and education Gobetti was born in Turin. A student of law at the University of Turin, he set up his own review ''Energie Nove'' (''New Energies'') in 1918. There, he promoted the cause of radical cultural and political renewal, aligning himself with the many critics of liberal parliamentary politics. Drawing upon the idealist philosophy of Benedetto Croce, Gobetti identified cultural change with a spiritual transformation that would unite public and private life. He also attached himself to causes such as educational reform and votes for women led by the independent deputy Gaetano Salvemini. Career In 1920, Gobetti was influenced by Antonio Gramsci, fellow ex-student ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberal Democracy
Liberal democracy, also called Western-style democracy, or substantive democracy, is a form of government that combines the organization of a democracy with ideas of liberalism, liberal political philosophy. Common elements within a liberal democracy are: elections between or among Pluralism (political philosophy), multiple distinct political parties; a separation of powers into different branches of government; the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society; a market economy with private property; universal suffrage; and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all citizens. Substantive democracy refers to substantive rights and substantive laws, which can include substantive equality, the equality of outcome for subgroups in society."What is substantive equality?". Equal Opportunity Commission, Government of Western Australia. November 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2018 Liberal democracy emphasizes the separation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugenio Montale
Eugenio Montale (; 12 October 1896 – 12 September 1981) was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator. In 1975, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for 'for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions'. Life and works Early years Montale was born in Genoa, the son of Giuseppina Ricci and Domenico Montale, a businessman who ran a chemical products company. Montale was the youngest of six children, including five brothers and a sister. Montale attended elementary school in Genoa. The Montale family spent their summers at their villa in Monterosso al Mare, and the landscapes of the Ligurian region would go on to inspire his poetry. In 1911, he was enrolled at a technical college and graduated with a diploma in accountancy in 1915. In the same year, he began taking music lessons with baritone Ernesto Sivori. However, his time as an infantryman in World War I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vittorio Foa
Vittorio Foa (18 September 1910 – 20 October 2008) was an Italian politician, trade unionist, journalist, and writer. Early life and education Foa was born in Turin in 1910 into a middle-class Jewish family. He attended Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio in Turin for his sixth form/senior high school studies. In 1931, Foa graduated in law from the University of Turin and worked in a bank. Political career Anti-fascism and post-war years In 1933, Foa joined Giustizia e Libertà, an anti-fascist political movement. He was arrested by the OVRA in May 1935 and was condemned to 15 years in prison. He shared his cell with Ernesto Rossi, Massimo Mila, and Riccardo Bauer. Prior to his arrest, he had collaborated on the weekly magazine of the same name and on the magazine ''Quaderni di GL'', which was published in Paris. Foa was released in August 1943, embracing the liberal political thought of Benedetto Croce. He joined the Italian resistance movement and entered the Action ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riccardo Lombardi
Riccardo Lombardi (16 August 1901 – 18 September 1984) was an Italian politician. Early life Lombardi was born in Regalbuto, in the province of Enna (now in the province of Catania), in 1901. He studied at the Pennisi College of Acireale. After completing his high school studies, he attended the Polytechnic of Milan, where he obtained a degree in Industrial Engineering. He joined the Italian People's Party (PPI) of Don Luigi Sturzo, thus sympathizing with the Christian Labor Party, which was founded in 1920 by left-wing members of the PPI, such as Guido Miglioli, to whom he was very attached. He participated in some actions of the Arditi del Popolo, including the defense of the socialist newspaper ''Avanti!'' from the assault of the Italian fascist squads. In 1923, Lombardi collaborated with ''Il Domani d'Italia'', a newspaper of the Catholic left. When Italian Catholicism gave up actively opposing fascism, he approached Marxist culture, also drawing inspiration from Ant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norberto Bobbio
Norberto Bobbio (; 18 October 1909 – 9 January 2004) was an Italian philosopher of law and political sciences and a historian of political thought. He also wrote regularly for the Turin-based daily '' La Stampa''. Bobbio was a social liberal in the tradition of Piero Gobetti, Carlo Rosselli, , and Aldo Capitini. He was also strongly influenced by Hans Kelsen and Vilfredo Pareto. He was considered one of the greatest Italian intellectuals of the 20th century. Early life Bobbio was born in Turin on 18 October 1909 to Luigi and Rosa Caviglia. The middle-class status of his family (his father was a doctor) allowed Bobbio to have a comfortable childhood. He wrote verses and loved Bach and Verdi's opera '' La traviata''. Later, he would develop an unknown illness that caused tiredness and malaise. The feeling worsened with age but became an important part of his intellectual growth. Bobbio studied at the Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio, where he met Leone Ginzburg, Ces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leone Ginzburg
Leone Ginzburg (, ; 4 April 1909 – 5 February 1944) was an Italian editor, writer, journalist and teacher, as well as an important anti-fascist political activist and a hero of the resistance movement. He was the husband of the renowned author Natalia Ginzburg and the father of the historian Carlo Ginzburg. Early life and career Ginzburg was born in Odessa to a Jewish family. World War I began while the family was on vacation in Viareggio, Italy, and while his older brother and sister (then 15 and 18) travelled with their mother back to Russia, Leone remained, with his governess, for the duration of the war. He was reunited with his family when his mother and siblings fled to Italy following the October Revolution in Russia.Avalle, M. Clara (2002), ''Da Odessa a Torino: Conversazioni con Marussia Ginzburg'' (Collana Libertà E Giutizia), Claudiana Editrice, , pp. 30–32. He studied at the Liceo Ginnasio Massimo d'Azeglio in Turin.Ward, David. "Primo Levi's Turin." In: Gord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
