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Paralepista Flaccida
''Paralepista flaccida'' (also called ''Clitocybe flaccida'', ''Clitocybe inversa'', ''Lepista flaccida'' and ''Lepista inversa'', or in English tawny funnel cap) is a species of mushroom found across the Northern Hemisphere. It is known to form fairy rings. Naming The naming history of this mushroom is complicated by the fact that for a long time it was regarded as two different species, "''flaccida''" (associated with broad-leaved trees) and "''inversa''" (associated with conifers and with a smoother shinier cap). These forms can still be differentiated as varieties within ''P. flaccida'' if desired. The earliest description was by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772 as ''Agaricus inversus'' in his booFlora Carniolica then in 1799 James Sowerby created a description under the name ''Agaricus flaccidus'' in his major work " Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms". In later years there were defined the combinations ''Clitocybe flaccida'' (by Paul Kummer, 1871), ''Clitocybe in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonsense Mutations
In genetics, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a ''nonsense codon'' in the transcribed mRNA, and in leading to a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein product. The functional effect of a nonsense mutation depends on the location of the stop codon within the coding DNA. For example, the effect of a nonsense mutation depends on the proximity of the nonsense mutation to the original stop codon, and the degree to which functional subdomains of the protein are affected. As nonsense mutations leads to premature termination of polypeptide chains; they are also called chain termination mutations. Missense mutations differ from nonsense mutations since they are point mutations that exhibit a single nucleotide change to cause substitution of a different amino acid. A nonsense mutation also differs from a nonstop mutation, which is a point mutation that removes a stop codon. About 10% of patients facin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banana Slug
Banana slugs are North American terrestrial slugs comprising the genus ''Ariolimax''. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Ariolimax Mörch, 1859. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=995725 on 2021-08-25 They are often bright yellow (giving rise to the "banana" common name) although they may also be greenish, brown, tan, or white. Species Species within the genus ''Ariolimax'' include: ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Ariolimax andersonii'' J. G. Cooper, 1872: synonym of Prophysaon andersonii (J.G. Cooper, 1872) (unaccepted combination) * ''Ariolimax californicus'' J.G. Cooper, 1872: synonym of ''Ariolimax californicus californicus'' J.G. Cooper, 1872 * ''Ariolimax californicus costaricensis'' Cockerell, 1890: synonym of '' Deroceras costaricensis'' (Cockerell, 1890) * ''Ariolimax hemphilli'' W. G. Binney, 1875: synonym of '' Hesperarion hemphilli'' (W.G. Binney, 1875) * ''Ariolimax niger'' J. G. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pest Control
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest; any animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human activities or environment. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy. In agriculture, pests are kept at bay by mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological means. Ploughing and cultivation of the soil before sowing mitigate the pest burden, and crop rotation helps to reduce the build-up of a certain pest species. Concern about environment means limiting the use of pesticides in favour of other methods. This can be achieved by monitoring the crop, only applying pesticides when necessary, and by growing varieties and crops which are resistant to pests. Where possible, biological means are used, encouraging the natural enem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcel Bon
Marcel Bon (17 March 1925 – 11 May 2014)http://fmbds.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CAFAM-2014-CR-complet.pdf was one of France's best known field mycologists. He was born in Picardy in 1925 and came to mycology through general botany, and pharmacology. He lived at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, a quaint little town on the mouth of the river Somme, in Picardy, Northern France, which was a former artists' and writers' retreat, and is now a popular tourist town. In 1987, along with two artists (John Wilkinson, and Denys Ovenden) he produced a comprehensive field guide for mycologists, ''The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-western Europe''. His other skills were as a pianist, an artist, and a skier. Bibliography *''The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North Western Europe'', Bon M., (1987) pub. Hodder and Stoughton. ** (paperback) ** (hardback). *''Les tricholomes de France et d'Europe occidentale'', Bon. M, (1984) pub. Lechevalier (Paris). *''Fungorum Rariorum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paralepistopsis Amoenolens
''Paralepistopsis amoenolens'' is an agaric fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. It is commonly known as the paralysis funnel. Taxonomy It was first described in 1975 by the French mycologist Georges Jean Louis Malençon from a specimen found in Morocco and classified as ''Clitocybe amoenolens.'' In 2012, following DNA analysis, Vizzini and Ercole assigned this species to the new genus ''Paralepistopsis'', which forms a separate clade from other ''Clitocybe''s.See . The authors provide a phylogram which indicates the evidence that ''Paralepistopsis'' forms a separate clade. This change has been accepted by Index Fungorum and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and so the correct name is currently ''Paralepistopsis amoenolens''. Toxicity It was discovered to be poisonous after several people had consumed specimens all found in the alpine Maurienne valley in the Savoie department over three years. They had mistaken it for the edible common funnel cap (''Infundibu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infundibulicybe Gibba
''Infundibulicybe gibba'' (also known as ''Clitocybe gibba'') is a species of gilled mushroom which is common in European woods. In English it is sometimes known as the common funnel. Naming This species was originally described by the mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801 as ''Agaricus gibbus'', at a time when gilled mushrooms were generally all assigned to genus ''Agaricus''. Then in 1871 in his guide to mycology ("Der Führer in die Pilzkunde"), Paul Kummer allocated the species to the genus ''Clitocybe'', which previously (according to the system of Fries) had only been a tribe within genus ''Agaricus''. In 2003 Harri Harmaja created the new genus ''Infundibulicybe'' for some of the larger members of the former ''Clitocybe'' and he included ''Infundibulicybe gibba'' as the type species. A couple of authorities still keep it in genus ''Clitocybe'', however. The older name ''Clitocybe infundibuliformis'' is often identified as a synonym of ''I. gibba'', but acc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paralepista Gilva 20070927wa
''Paralepista'' is a genus of mushrooms in family Tricholomataceae. Until 2012, its member species were generally assigned either to ''Lepista'' or to ''Clitocybe''. Naming history There have long been differing opinions as to how mushrooms which were assigned to genus ''Lepista'' (sometimes also placed in genus ''Clitocybe'') should be classified. The fungi in question all have a white or slightly pink/yellow spore print, finely warty spores, and easily separable Lamella (mycology), gills. In 1981 Jörg H. Raithelhuber identified as separate a subgroup having very crowded strongly decurrent gills and spores which are oval in section to almost spherical, including ''Paralepista flaccida, Lepista flaccida'' and ''Lepista gilva''. He proposed this subgroup as a new genus ''Paralepista''. In the following years it was recognized at the level of a subgenus (also called "''Lepista'' section ''Inversae''" or "''Lepista'' sect. ''Gilva''), but not as a genus. Then in 2012 Alfredo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saprobe
Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi (for example ''Mucor'') and soil bacteria. Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are sometimes called saprobes; saprotrophic plants or bacterial flora are called saprophytes ( sapro- 'rotten material' + -phyte 'plant'), although it is now believed that all plants previously thought to be saprotrophic are in fact parasites of microscopic fungi or other plants. The process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae. states the purpose of saprotrophs and their internal nutrition, as well as the main two types of fungi that are most often referred to, as well as describes, visually, the process of saprotrophic nutrition through a diagram of hyph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepista Flaccida 20081122wb
''Lepista'' is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi. According to the ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th edition, 2008), the widespread genus contains about 50 species. In 1969, Howard Bigelow and Alex H. Smith made the group a subgenus of ''Clitocybe''. A 2015 genetic study found that the genera ''Collybia'' and ''Lepista'' were closely related to the core clade of ''Clitocybe'', but that all three were polyphyletic, with many members in lineages removed from other members of the same genus and instead more closely related to the other two. Alvarado and colleagues declined to define the genera but proposed several options and highlighted the need for a wider analysis. Selected species * ''Lepista caespitosa'' * ''Lepista flaccida'' (previously ''Clitocybe flaccida'') * ''Lepista gilva'' * ''Lepista glaucocana'' * ''Lepista inversa'' * ''Lepista personata'' * ''Lepista saeva'' (field blewit) * ''Lepista sordida'' See also *List of Tricholomataceae genera The Tricholomataceae are a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Global Biodiversity Information Facility
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity available via the Internet using web services. The data are provided by many institutions from around the world; GBIF's information architecture makes these data accessible and searchable through a single portal. Data available through the GBIF portal are primarily distribution data on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes for the world, and scientific names data. The mission of the GBIF is to facilitate free and open access to biodiversity data worldwide to underpin sustainable development. Priorities, with an emphasis on promoting participation and working through partners, include mobilising biodiversity data, developing protocols and standards to ensure scientific integrity and interoperability, building an informatics architecture to allow the interlinking of diverse data types from disparate sources, promoting capacity building and cat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
