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Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 2990
POxy 2990 (or P. Oxy. XLI 2990) is one of four examples of '' libelli'' found at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. Text *Original lines are retained (and numbered). *Text in racketsis reconstructed to fill a gap (lacuna) in the papyrus. *Text in (parentheses) is full spelling of an abbreviation. *Letters with subscript dots are incomplete or indistinct. See also *Lapsi (Christian) *Oxyrhynchus papyri *Other libelli: POxy 658, POxy 1464, POxy 3929 * Warrant to arrest a Christian: POxy 3035 References External links'P.Oxy. XLI 2990'at ''Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project'', Oxford University. *Image:''P. Oxy. XLII 2990 the ). |
Libellus
A ''libellus'' (plural ''libelli'') in the Roman Empire was any brief document written on individual pages (as opposed to scrolls or tablets), particularly official documents issued by governmental authorities. The term ''libellus'' has particular historical significance for the libelli that were issued during the reign of Emperor Decius to citizens to certify performance of required pagan sacrifices in order to demonstrate loyalty to the authorities of the Roman Empire. During later periods libelli were issued as certificates of indulgence, in which the confessors or martyrs interceded for apostate Christians. Etymology The word ''libellus'' is a Latin diminutive form of the ordinary word ''liber'' (meaning "book"), from which we get the English word ''library''. Literally, it means "little book". Sometimes the word was used to describe what we would call: essays, tracts, pamphlets, or petitions. History During the Decian persecution In the year 250, in an attempt to promote tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxyrhynchus Papyri
The Oxyrhynchus Papyri are a group of manuscripts discovered during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by papyrologists Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt at an ancient rubbish dump near Oxyrhynchus in Egypt (, modern ''el-Bahnasa''). The manuscripts date from the time of the Ptolemaic (3rd century BC) and Roman periods of Egyptian history (from 32 BC to the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 640 AD). Only an estimated 10% are literary in nature. Most of the papyri found seem to consist mainly of public and private documents: codes, edicts, registers, official correspondence, census-returns, tax-assessments, petitions, court-records, sales, leases, wills, bills, accounts, inventories, horoscopes, and private letters. Although most of the papyri were written in Greek, some texts written in Egyptian ( Egyptian hieroglyphics, Hieratic, Demotic, mostly Coptic), Latin and Arabic were also found. Texts in Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac and Pahlavi have so far ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3rd-century Manuscripts
The 3rd century was the period from 201 ( CCI) to 300 ( CCC) Anno Domini (AD) or Common Era (CE) in the Julian calendar.. In this century, the Roman Empire saw a crisis, starting with the assassination of the Roman Emperor Severus Alexander in 235, plunging the empire into a period of economic troubles, barbarian incursions, political upheavals, civil wars, and the split of the Roman Empire through the Gallic Empire in the west and the Palmyrene Empire in the east, which all together threatened to destroy the Roman Empire in its entirety, but the reconquests of the seceded territories by Emperor Aurelian and the stabilization period under Emperor Diocletian due to the administrative strengthening of the empire caused an end to the crisis by 284. This crisis would also mark the beginning of Late Antiquity. In Persia, the Parthian Empire was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire in 224 after Ardashir I defeated and killed Artabanus V during the Battle of Hormozdgan. The Sassan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egypt Exploration Society
The Egypt Exploration Society (EES) is a British non-profit organization. The society was founded in 1882 by Amelia Edwards and Reginald Stuart Poole in order to examine and excavate in the areas of Egypt and Sudan. The intent was to study and analyze the results of the excavations and publish the information for the scholarly world. The EES have worked at many major Egyptian excavation and sites. Their discoveries include the discovery of a shrine for the goddess Hathor, a statue of a cow from Deir el-Bahri, the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut, and the sculpted model of Nefertiti from Amarna. The Society has made major contributions to the study of the ancient Egyptian world. The Society is based in London and is a registered charity under English law. History In 1873, the English writer Amelia Edwards was led to the sites of Egypt while encountering cold, wet climates in Europe. She and several friends ended up travelling up the River Nile from Cairo to Abu Simbel. She re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
POxy 3035
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3035 (or P. Oxy. XLII 3035) is a warrant for the arrest of a Christian, issued by the authorities of the Roman Empire. This is one of the earliest uses of the word ''Christian'' attested on papyrus. The order was issued by the head of the Oxyrhynchus ruling council, to the police in a country village, to arrest a man described as a Christian (note χρισιανόν, the papyrus has the early spelling, χρησιανόν). The charge which makes the Christian liable for arrest is not given. ''Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project'', . The manuscript is dated precisely i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warrant (law)
A warrant is generally an order that serves as a specific type of authorization, that is, a writ issued by a competent officer, usually a judge or magistrate, that permits an otherwise illegal act that would violate individual rights and affords the person executing the writ protection from damages if the act is performed. A warrant is usually issued by a court and is directed to a sheriff, a constable, or a police officer. Warrants normally issued by a court include search warrants, arrest warrants, and execution warrants. Types * Arrest warrant, issued by a judge to detain someone * Execution warrant, writ issued by a judge authorizing the death of someone * Possessory warrant, a civil writ issued by a judge ordering property delivered to a named person * Search warrant, a writ issued by a judge allowing law enforcement to look inside a property * Warrant of committal, issued by a judge ordering enforcement of a previous order against an uncooperative person or corporation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
POxy 3929
POxy 3929 (or P. Oxy. LVIII 3929) is one of four examples of '' libelli'' found at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. *Image:''P. Oxy. LVIII 3929 the ). "This document belongs to the category of certificates of sacrifice issued to those who satisfied the pagan commissioners during the of Christians," according to ''Oxyrhynchus Papyri''. It was issued somewhere between 25 June and 24 July, in the year 250, according to the same source. The text must supply the month Epeiph of the |
POxy 1464
POxy 1464 (or P. Oxy. XII 1464) is a document that was found at the city of Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. This document was given to a Roman citizen to certify performance of a pagan sacrifice, hence demonstrating loyalty to the authorities of the Roman Empire. Such a document is called a ''libellus'' (plural ''libelli''), and this was one of four ''libelli'' found at Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript declares the date — the first year of the emperor Decius, whose full name was Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius. We know the first year of his reign was 250 AD. The day and month are also given as the third of Epeiph or Epip in the Coptic calendar. So this ''libellus'' was issued on 27 June 250 AD. Text *Original lines are retained (and numbered). *Text in racketsis reconstructed to fill a gap (lacuna) in the papyrus. *Text in (parentheses) is full spelling of an abbreviation. *Letters with subscript dots are incomplete or indistinct. See also *Lapsi (Christian) *Oxyrhynchus papyri *Othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
POxy 658
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 658 (P. Oxy. 658 or P. Oxy. IV 658) is one of four examples of '' libelli'' found at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. The last lines of the manuscript declare the date — the first year of the emperor Decius, whose full name was Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius. We know the first year of his reign was 250 AD. Text *Original lines are retained (and numbered). *Text in racketsis reconstructed to fill a gap (lacuna) in the papyrus. *Full stops in brackets represent character spaces that cannot be reconstructed. *Text in (parentheses) is full spelling of an abbreviation. *Letters with subscript dots are incomplete or indistinct. See also *Lapsi (Christian) *Oxyrhynchus papyri *Other libelli: POxy 1464, POxy 2990, POxy 3929 * Warrant to arrest a Christian: POxy 3035 *Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 657 References External links POxy 0658 658 __NOTOC__ Year 658 (Roman numerals, DCLVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Jul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lapsi (Christian)
In the early Christian Church, ''lapsi'' were apostates who renounced their faith under persecution by Roman authorities. The term refers to those who have lapsed or fallen away from their faith, only to return to it later. Origins The Decian persecution of 250 AD, which required all citizens of the Roman Empire to publicly sacrifice to traditional gods, created unrest within the Church. Christians who submitted to pressure and made public sacrifice were called lapsed or ''lapsi''. Upon completion of sacrifice, individuals received a certificate of sacrifice, or ''libellus,'' a legal document proving conformity with Roman religion. To avoid this test, many members of the clergy fled, leaving their communities without leadership. In their absence, lay people who had not lapsed, called confessors, filled their leadership role. Upon return to Carthage, Cyprian found these confessors had assumed authority of clergy, especially forgiveness of sin. Although many confessors wil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxyrhynchus
Oxyrhynchus (; grc-gre, Ὀξύρρυγχος, Oxýrrhynchos, sharp-nosed; ancient Egyptian ''Pr-Medjed''; cop, or , ''Pemdje''; ar, البهنسا, ''Al-Bahnasa'') is a city in Middle Egypt located about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo in Minya Governorate. It is also an archaeological site, considered one of the most important ever discovered. Since the late 19th century, the area around Oxyrhynchus has been excavated almost continually, yielding an enormous collection of papyrus texts dating from the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. They also include a few vellum manuscripts, and more recent Arabic manuscripts on paper (for example, the medieval P. Oxy. VI 1006) History Ancient Egyptian Era Oxyrhynchus lies west of the main course of the Nile on the Bahr Yussef, a branch that terminates in Lake Moeris and the Faiyum oasis. In ancient Egyptian times, there was a city on the site called Per-Medjed, named after the medjed, a species of elephantfish of the Nile ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perseus Project
The Perseus Project is a digital library project of Tufts University, which assembles digital collections of humanities resources. Version 4.0 is also known as the "Perseus Hopper", and it is hosted by the Department of Classical Studies. The project is mirrored by the Max Planck Society in Berlin, Germany, as well as by the University of Chicago. History The project was founded in 1987 to collect and present materials for the study of ancient Greece. It has published two CD-ROMs and established the Perseus Digital Library on the World Wide Web in 1995. The project has expanded its original scope; current collections cover Greco-Roman classics and the English Renaissance. Other materials, such as the papers of Edwin Bolles and the history of Tufts University, have been moved into the Tufts Digital Library. The editor-in-chief of the project is Gregory R. Crane, the Tufts Winnick Family Chair in Technology and Entrepreneurship. He has held that position since the founding of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
