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Papal Navy
The Papal Navy ( it, Marina Pontificia, "Pontifical Navy"; la, Classis Pontificiae) was the maritime force of the Papal States. Loosely construed, it was in sporadic existence from approximately the Battle of Ostia (849) during the pontificate of Leo IV until the ascension of Pope Leo XIII in 1878. History Originally protected by the Byzantine navy, the Papal States found themselves in need of a naval force of their own following a Muslim raid on Rome in 843 and the sack of the city's basilicas ''extra muros'' in 846. Under the leadership of Caesar, prince of Naples, a force of Neapolitan, Amalfitan, Gaetan, and Papal ships repulsed the pirates off Ostia in 849. Later, the Papal States subsidized various fleets during the Crusades and outfitted some squadrons of their own, which participated with Venice and others against the Ottoman Empire following the fall of Constantinople. With hired and affiliated ships from Tuscany and Malta, one Papal squadron participated in the B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pontifical Navy Petrus Paulus
A pontifical ( la, pontificale) is a Christian liturgical book containing the liturgies that only a bishop may perform. Among the liturgies are those of the ordinal for the ordination and consecration of deacons, priests, and bishops to Holy Orders. While the ''Roman Pontifical'' and closely related '' Ceremonial of Bishops'' of the Roman Rite are the most common, pontificals exist in other liturgical traditions. History Pontificals in Latin Christianity first developed from sacramentaries by the 8th century. Besides containing the texts of exclusively episcopal liturgies such as the Pontifical High Mass, liturgies that other clergymen could celebrate were also present. The contents varied throughout the Middle Ages, but eventually a pontifical only contained those liturgies a bishop could perform. The ''Pontificale Egberti'', a pontifical that once belonged to and was perhaps authored by Ecgbert of York, is regarded as one of the most notable early pontificals and may be th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Duchy Of Tuscany
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( it, Granducato di Toscana; la, Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after conquering the Republic of Siena, Cosimo I de' Medici, was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on August 27, 1569. The Grand Duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, until the reign of Ferdinando II, which saw the beginning of the state's long economic decline. It peaked under Cosimo III. Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arsenal Of Civitavecchia
The Arsenal of Civitavecchia is a now destroyed naval arsenal which was commissioned by Pope Alexander VII to house the fleet of the Papal Navy. It was built between 1660 and 1663 and designed by the famed baroque architect and sculptor Gianlorenzo Bernini. It was located on the site of the ancient Roman port of Centum Cellae in Civitavecchia close to Rome itself. The structure was mistakenly destroyed in 1944 in an Allied bombing raid during World War II, along with most of the surrounding port area. The Arsenal is depicted in the 1668 painting "The Bernini Arsenal at Civitavecchia" by Viviano Codazzi and Fillipo Lauri which it has been suggested may have been commissioned by a member of Pope Alexander VII's family, the House of Chigi The House of Chigi () is an Italian princely family of Sienese origin descended from the counts of Ardenghesca, which possessed castles in the Maremma, southern Tuscany. Later, the family settled in Rome. The earliest authentic mention of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Brig Colibri (1802)
''Colibri'' was a brig launched in 1802 for the French Navy. Between 14 and 16 August ''Colibri'' cruised the Atlantic as she sailed to Cadiz. She was under the command of ''enseigne de vaisseau'' Jourdain. She was renamed ''Saint Pierre'' on 1 September 1802. Napoleon ordered the name change preparatory to donating her to Pope Pius VII. ''Saint Pierre'' left Toulon on 14 December and arrived at Civitavecchia on 16 December. She sailed in company with a second gift, the somewhat over-aged brig ''San Paulo'', escorted by ''Alcyon''. Lieutenant Dornaldéguy performed the official transfer of the ships to the papal delegate. In the service of the Papal Navy she was renamed ''San Pietro''. The French Navy seized her at Civitavechia in June 1806 and listed her as ''San Petro''. The French Empire annexed Civitavecchia in May 1809; at that time she reverted to the name ''Saint Pierre''. She remained at Civitavechia until January 1813, when the French Navy found her to be unserviceable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HMS Speedy (1782)
HMS ''Speedy'' was a 14-gun ''Speedy''-class brig of the British Royal Navy. Built during the last years of the American War of Independence, she served with distinction during the French Revolutionary Wars. Built at Dover, Kent, ''Speedy'' spent most of the interwar years serving off the British coast. Transferred to the Mediterranean after the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, she spent the rest of her career there under a number of notable commanders, winning fame for herself in various engagements and often against heavy odds. Her first commander in the Mediterranean, Charles Cunningham, served with distinction with several squadrons, assisting in the capture of several war prizes, such as the French frigates and ''Impérieuse''. His successor, George Cockburn, impressed his superiors with his dogged devotion to duty. ''Speedy''s next commander, George Eyre, had the misfortune to lose her to a superior French force on 9 June 1794. She was soon retaken, and r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Pius VII
Pope Pius VII ( it, Pio VII; born Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti; 14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 March 1800 to his death in August 1823. Chiaramonti was also a monk of the Order of Saint Benedict in addition to being a well-known theologian and bishop. Chiaramonti was made Bishop of Tivoli in 1782, and resigned that position upon his appointment as Bishop of Imola in 1785. That same year, he was made a cardinal. In 1789, the French Revolution took place, and as a result a series of anti-clerical governments came into power in the country. In 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars, French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Rome and captured Pope Pius VI, taking him as a prisoner to France, where he died in 1799. The following year, after a ''sede vacante'' period lasting approximately six months, Chiaramonti was elected to the papacy, taking the name Pius VII. Pius at first attempted to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Il Tempo
''Il Tempo'' (meaning ''Time'' in English) is a daily Italian newspaper published in Rome, Italy. History and profile ''Il Tempo'' was founded in Rome by Renato Angiolillo in 1944. At the initial phase the newspaper was a conservative publication and had an anti-communist stance. The paper publishes the Rome edition (available nationally) and other five local editions (Latina, Frosinone, Northern Lazio, Abruzzo and Molise). In 1996 the former owner, Caltagirone Editore, sold the newspaper to the Italian builder Domenico Bonifaci. On 4 October 2007 the paper switched from broadsheet format to Berliner. Domenico Fisichella, an Italian academic and politician, is among the contributors of the daily. The 2008 circulation of ''Il Tempo'' was 50,651 copies, and 8,525 copies in July 2021 Editors * Renato Angiolillo (4 June 1944 – 16 August 1973) ** Leonida Repaci (co-editor, Giugno 1944 – February 1945) * Gianni Letta (17 August 1973 – 1987) * Gaspare Barbiellini Amidei (19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiber River
The Tiber ( ; it, Tevere ; la, Tiberis) is the third-longest river in Italy and the longest in Central Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing through Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, where it is joined by the River Aniene, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino. It drains a basin estimated at . The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome, which was founded on its eastern banks. The river rises at Mount Fumaiolo in central Italy and flows in a generally southerly direction past Perugia and Rome to meet the sea at Ostia. Known in ancient times (in Latin) as ''flavus'' ("the blond"), in reference to the yellowish colour of its water, the Tiber has advanced significantly at its mouth, by about , since Roman times, leaving the ancient port of Ostia Antica inland."Tiber River". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2006 However, it does not form a proportional delta, owing to a strong north-flowing sea current ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ripa Grande
Porto di Ripa Grande was the river port of Rome, just downstream the former ''Pons Sublicius'', where the wares, going up and down the Tiber towards the dock of Fiumicino, were handled. The building of the ''muraglioni'' (massive walls) has erased its existence and function, just keeping a trace in the toponymy (the stretch of Lungotevere, that flanks San Michele a Ripa Grande, is called ''Porto di Ripa Grande'', while ''Via del Porto'' is the narrow street that links the Tiber to Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and Santa Maria dell'Orto) and in the two ramps giving access to the quay of the river. The port During the Roman era, the maritime harbour of Rome was Ostia. From there, the wares destined to the town were transported up the Tiber, along which several docks, with specific functions, were placed. The general river '' emporium'' rose on the left bank of the river, starting from the present Rione Testaccio - where remains of the ''Porticus Aemilia'' and of the '' emporium' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porta Portese
Porta Portese is an ancient city gate, located at the end of Via Portuense, where it meets Via Porta Portese, about a block from the banks of the Tiber in the southern edge of the Rione Trastevere of Rome, Italy. History The gate was built in 1644 as part of the Janiculum Walls which replaced the Porta Portuensis. The gate and walls were built by Vincenzo Maculani; commissioned by Pope Urban VIII. by (2009, Library) Just outside the gate, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Port Of Ripa Grande And Papal Arsenal
Porto di Ripa Grande was the river port of Rome, just downstream the former ''Pons Sublicius'', where the wares, going up and down the Tiber towards the dock of Fiumicino, were handled. The building of the ''muraglioni'' (massive walls) has erased its existence and function, just keeping a trace in the toponymy (the stretch of Lungotevere, that flanks San Michele a Ripa Grande, is called ''Porto di Ripa Grande'', while ''Via del Porto'' is the narrow street that links the Tiber to Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and Santa Maria dell'Orto) and in the two ramps giving access to the quay of the river. The port During the Roman era, the maritime harbour of Rome was Ostia. From there, the wares destined to the town were transported up the Tiber, along which several docks, with specific functions, were placed. The general river '' emporium'' rose on the left bank of the river, starting from the present Rione Testaccio - where remains of the ''Porticus Aemilia'' and of the '' emporium' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Clement XI
Pope Clement XI ( la, Clemens XI; it, Clemente XI; 23 July 1649 – 19 March 1721), born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 November 1700 to his death in March 1721. Clement XI was a patron of the arts and of science. He was also a great benefactor of the Vatican Library; his interest in archaeology is credited with saving much of Rome's antiquity. He authorized expeditions which succeeded in rediscovering various ancient Christian writings and authorized excavations of the Roman catacombs. Biography Early life Giovanni Francesco Albani was born in 1649 in Urbino to the Albani family, a distinguished family of Albanian origin in central Italy. His mother Elena Mosca (1630-1698) was a high-standing Italian of bergamasque origin, descended from the noble Mosca family of Pesaro. His father Carlo Albani (1623-1684) was a patrician. His mother descended in part from the Staccoli family, who were patricians of Urbino, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
