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Panalphabetic Window
A panalphabetic window is a stretch of text that contains all the letters of the alphabet in order. It is a special type of pangram or pangrammatic window. Natural-sounding panalphabetic sentences are not particularly difficult to construct; the following sequence of 132 letters by Howard Bergerson is often quoted: Considerably rarer are short, naturally occurring panalphabetic windows. Based on the letter frequency distribution of a large corpus, Mike Keith calculated the expected window size for English text to be around 3000 letters. His computer-assisted search of Project Gutenberg identified the shortest natural panalphabetic window as a 535-letter passage from ''The Alkahest'', a translation of Honoré de Balzac's '' La Recherche de l'Absolu'': See also *Pangram A pangram or holoalphabetic sentence is a sentence using every letter of a given alphabet at least once. Pangrams have been used to display typefaces, test equipment, and develop skills in handwriting, call ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphabetical Order
Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is the generalization of the alphabetical order to other data types, such as sequences of numbers or other ordered mathematical objects. When applied to strings or sequences that may contain digits, numbers or more elaborate types of elements, in addition to alphabetical characters, the alphabetical order is generally called a lexicographical order. To determine which of two strings of characters comes first when arranging in alphabetical order, their first letters are compared. If they differ, then the string whose first letter comes earlier in the alphabet comes before the other string. If the first letters are the same, then the second letters are compared, and so on. If a position is reached where one string has no more letters to compare ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pangram
A pangram or holoalphabetic sentence is a sentence using every letter of a given alphabet at least once. Pangrams have been used to display typefaces, test equipment, and develop skills in handwriting, calligraphy, and keyboarding. Origins The best-known English pangram is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog". It has been used since at least the late 19th century, was used by Western Union to test Telex/ TWX data communication equipment for accuracy and reliability, and is now used by a number of computer programs to display computer fonts. Short pangrams Short pangrams in English are more difficult to devise and tend to use uncommon words and unnatural sentences. Longer pangrams afford more opportunity for humor, cleverness, or thoughtfulness. The following are examples of pangrams that are shorter than "The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog" (which has 33 letters) and use standard written English without abbreviations or proper nouns: *"Waltz, bad nymph, for qui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pangrammatic Window
A pangrammatic window is a stretch of naturally occurring text that contains all the letters in the alphabet. Shortest examples The shortest known naturally occurring pangrammatic window was discovered in October 2014 through an automated processing of Google's indexed webcorpus, found in a review of the movie ''Magnolia'' written by Todd Manlow on the website PopMatters, at 36 letters: The shortest known window in a published work is found in Piers Anthony's book ''Cube Route'', at 42 letters: Prior to that, the shortest known window in a published work was found in Lillie de Hegermann-Lindencrone's 1912 book ''In the Courts of Memory'', at 56 letters:"Sub-60-Letter Pangrammatic Windows" in the February 2006 edition of Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics Probability of occurrence Generally, according to the law of probability, the shorter the work, the longer the minimal pangrammatic window (if any) will be. Some estimates can be made using the frequencie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Howard Bergerson
Howard William Bergerson (July 29, 1922 – February 19, 2011) was an American writer and poet, noted for his mastery of palindromes and other forms of wordplay. Work Bergerson's first volume of poetry, '' The Spirit of Adolescence'', was published in 1950, and earned him the state's nomination as Oregon Poet Laureate in 1957. However, he declined the nomination for political reasons, and the position instead went to Ethel R. Fuller. By 1961, Bergerson's interests had shifted to wordplay and constrained writing. He became fascinated with palindromes and set out to write a coherent, full-length palindromic poem. The result, the 1034-letter "Edna Waterfall", was for some time listed by the ''Guinness Book of World Records'' as the longest palindrome in English. In 1969, Bergerson became editor of '' Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics'', though stepped down a year later when Greenwood Periodicals dropped the publication. However, he continued to contribute m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Letter Frequency
Letter frequency is the number of times letters of the alphabet appear on average in written language. Letter frequency analysis dates back to the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (c. 801–873 AD), who formally developed the method to break ciphers. Letter frequency analysis gained importance in Europe with the development of movable type in 1450 AD, where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform. Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification, where it is particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic, syllabic, or ideographic. The use of letter frequencies and frequency analysis plays a fundamental role in cryptograms and several word puzzle games, including Hangman, ''Scrabble'', ''Wordle'' and the television game show ''Wheel of Fortune''. One of the earliest descriptions in classical literature of applying the knowledge of English letter frequency to sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mike Keith (mathematician)
Michael Keith (born 1955) is an American mathematician, software engineer, and author of works of constrained writing. Keith was employed at Sarnoff Corporation from 1980 until 1990 and Intel Corporation from 1990 to 1998, both tenures involving work in multimedia software. He was part of the original team at Sarnoff that developed Digital Video Interactive, the first PC digital video system, and at Intel he was a member of the group that developed Indeo, another video compression standard. As a result of this work Keith is credited as inventor or co-inventor on 60 US patents. he works as a software designer, developer, and tester. Keith was the first to describe primeval numbers and Keith numbers. His self-published book ''From Polychords to Pólya: Adventures in Musical Combinatorics'' is about the application of the Pólya enumeration theorem to the counting and classification of musical constructs such as chords, scales, and rhythms. Keith has written several long works ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg (PG) is a Virtual volunteering, volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library. Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of books or individual stories in the public domain. All files can be accessed for free under an open format layout, available on almost any computer. , Project Gutenberg had reached 50,000 items in its collection of free eBooks. The releases are available in Text file, plain text as well as other formats, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, Mobipocket, MOBI, and Plucker wherever possible. Most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that provide additional content, including region- and language-specific works. Project Gutenberg is closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Honoré De Balzac
Honoré de Balzac ( , more commonly , ; born Honoré Balzac;Jean-Louis Dega, La vie prodigieuse de Bernard-François Balssa, père d'Honoré de Balzac : Aux sources historiques de La Comédie humaine, Rodez, Subervie, 1998, 665 p. 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The novel sequence ''La Comédie humaine'', which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his '' magnum opus''. Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Marcel Proust, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Quest Of The Absolute
''The Quest of the Absolute'' (French: ''La Recherche de l'absolu'') is a novel by Honoré de Balzac. The novel first appeared in 1834, with seven chapter-divisions, as a Scène de la vie privée; was published by itself in 1839 by Charpentier; and took its final place as a part of the Comédie in 1845. The astronomer Ernest Laugier helped Balzac in the use of chemical terminology in this novel. In Popular Culture In François Truffaut's 1959 film The 400 Blows, teenager Antoine Doinel Antoine Doinel () is a fictional character created by François Truffaut and portrayed by actor Jean-Pierre Léaud in five films directed by Truffaut. Doinel is to a great extent an alter ego for Truffaut; they share many of the same childhood ex ... idolized Balzac's work and depicted 'my grandfather's death' in a school essay, which was fundamentally based on the plots of 'The Quest of the Absolute' from his memory, his teacher accused him of plagiarizing, which eventually led to his quit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pangram
A pangram or holoalphabetic sentence is a sentence using every letter of a given alphabet at least once. Pangrams have been used to display typefaces, test equipment, and develop skills in handwriting, calligraphy, and keyboarding. Origins The best-known English pangram is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog". It has been used since at least the late 19th century, was used by Western Union to test Telex/ TWX data communication equipment for accuracy and reliability, and is now used by a number of computer programs to display computer fonts. Short pangrams Short pangrams in English are more difficult to devise and tend to use uncommon words and unnatural sentences. Longer pangrams afford more opportunity for humor, cleverness, or thoughtfulness. The following are examples of pangrams that are shorter than "The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog" (which has 33 letters) and use standard written English without abbreviations or proper nouns: *"Waltz, bad nymph, for qui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pangrammatic Window
A pangrammatic window is a stretch of naturally occurring text that contains all the letters in the alphabet. Shortest examples The shortest known naturally occurring pangrammatic window was discovered in October 2014 through an automated processing of Google's indexed webcorpus, found in a review of the movie ''Magnolia'' written by Todd Manlow on the website PopMatters, at 36 letters: The shortest known window in a published work is found in Piers Anthony's book ''Cube Route'', at 42 letters: Prior to that, the shortest known window in a published work was found in Lillie de Hegermann-Lindencrone's 1912 book ''In the Courts of Memory'', at 56 letters:"Sub-60-Letter Pangrammatic Windows" in the February 2006 edition of Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics Probability of occurrence Generally, according to the law of probability, the shorter the work, the longer the minimal pangrammatic window (if any) will be. Some estimates can be made using the frequencie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Journal Of Recreational Linguistics
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with nouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of the archaic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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