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Paiwana
''Paiwana'' is a small genus of east Asian cellar spiders named after the Paiwan people. The genus was erected in 2018 for two species transferred from ''Pholcus'' after a molecular phylogenetic study of Pholcidae. Males are distinguished by unique sclerotized modifications to the chelicerae, and females by the unique triangular epigynum shape. it contains only two species, both native to Taiwan: '' P. chengpoi'' and '' P. pingtung''. See also * ''Pholcus'' * List of Pholcidae species This page lists all described genera and species of the spider family Pholcidae. , the World Spider Catalog accepts 1820 species in 94 genera: A ''Aetana'' ''Aetana'' Huber, 2005 * '' Aetana abadae'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana baga ... References Pholcidae genera Spiders of Taiwan {{Pholcidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paiwana Chengpoi
''Paiwana'' is a small genus of east Asian cellar spiders named after the Paiwan people. The genus was erected in 2018 for two species transferred from ''Pholcus'' after a molecular phylogenetic study of Pholcidae. Males are distinguished by unique sclerotized modifications to the chelicerae, and females by the unique triangular epigynum shape. it contains only two species, both native to Taiwan: '' P. chengpoi'' and '' P. pingtung''. See also * ''Pholcus'' * List of Pholcidae species This page lists all described genera and species of the spider family Pholcidae. , the World Spider Catalog accepts 1820 species in 94 genera: A ''Aetana'' ''Aetana'' Huber, 2005 * '' Aetana abadae'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana baga ... References Pholcidae genera Spiders of Taiwan {{Pholcidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paiwana Pingtung
''Paiwana'' is a small genus of east Asian cellar spiders named after the Paiwan people. The genus was erected in 2018 for two species transferred from ''Pholcus'' after a molecular phylogenetic study of Pholcidae. Males are distinguished by unique sclerotized modifications to the chelicerae, and females by the unique triangular epigynum shape. it contains only two species, both native to Taiwan: '' P. chengpoi'' and '' P. pingtung''. See also * ''Pholcus'' * List of Pholcidae species This page lists all described genera and species of the spider family Pholcidae. , the World Spider Catalog accepts 1820 species in 94 genera: A ''Aetana'' ''Aetana'' Huber, 2005 * '' Aetana abadae'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana baga ... References Pholcidae genera Spiders of Taiwan {{Pholcidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Pholcidae Species
This page lists all described genera and species of the spider family Pholcidae. , the World Spider Catalog accepts 1820 species in 94 genera: A ''Aetana'' ''Aetana'' Huber, 2005 * '' Aetana abadae'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana baganihan'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana banahaw'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana fiji'' Huber, 2005 — Fiji * '' Aetana gaya'' Huber, 2015 — Malaysia (Gaya Is.) * '' Aetana indah'' Huber, 2015 — Borneo * '' Aetana kinabalu'' Huber, 2005 — Borneo * '' Aetana kiukoki'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana lambir'' Huber, 2015 — Borneo * '' Aetana libjo'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * ''Aetana loboc'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana lozadae'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana manansalai'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana mokwam'' Huber, 2019 — Indonesia (West Papua) * '' Aetana ocampoi'' Huber, 2015 — Philippines * '' Aetana omayan'' Huber, 2005 ( type) — Philippines * ''Aetana ondawamei' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pholcidae
The Pholcidae are a family of araneomorph spiders. The family contains over 1,800 individual species of pholcids, including those commonly known as cellar spider, daddy long-legs spider, carpenter spider, daddy long-legger, vibrating spider, gyrating spider, long daddy, and skull spider. The family, first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1850, is divided into 94 genera. The common name "daddy long-legs" is used for several species, especially ''Pholcus phalangioides'', but is also the common name for several other arthropod groups, including harvestmen and crane flies. Appearance Pholcids are thin and delicate arachnids. The body, resembling the shape of a peanut, is approximately 2–10 mm (0.08–0.39 inch) in length, and the legs may be up to 50 mm (1.97 inches) long. ''Pholcus'' and ''Smeringopus'' have cylindrical abdomens and eyes arranged in two lateral groups of three and two smaller median contiguous eyes. Arrangements of eight and six ey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pholcidae Genera
The Pholcidae are a family of araneomorph spiders. The family contains over 1,800 individual species of pholcids, including those commonly known as cellar spider, daddy long-legs spider, carpenter spider, daddy long-legger, vibrating spider, gyrating spider, long daddy, and skull spider. The family, first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1850, is divided into 94 genera. The common name "daddy long-legs" is used for several species, especially ''Pholcus phalangioides'', but is also the common name for several other arthropod groups, including harvestmen and crane flies. Appearance Pholcids are thin and delicate arachnids. The body, resembling the shape of a peanut, is approximately 2–10 mm (0.08–0.39 inch) in length, and the legs may be up to 50 mm (1.97 inches) long. ''Pholcus'' and ''Smeringopus'' have cylindrical abdomens and eyes arranged in two lateral groups of three and two smaller median contiguous eyes. Arrangements of eight and six ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family (taxonomy), family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paiwan People
The Paiwan () are an indigenous people of Taiwan. They speak the Paiwan language. In 2014, the Paiwan numbered 96,334. This was approximately 17.8% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the second-largest indigenous group. The majority of Paiwan people live in the southern chain of the Central Mountain Range, from Damumu Mountain and the upper Wuluo River in the north of the southern chain to the Hengchun Peninsula in the south of it, and also in the hills and coastal plains of southeastern Taiwan. There are two subgroups under the Paiwan people: the Raval and the Butsul. The unique ceremonies in Paiwan are Masaru and Maleveq. The Masaru is a ceremony that celebrates the harvest of rice, whereas the Maleveq commemorates their ancestors or gods. History The name "Paiwan" may have originated from a myth. According to the myth, Paiwan ancestors lived in a location on Dawu mountain (Tawushan) that was called "Paiwan", where heaven is said to exist. Paiwan people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pholcus
''Pholcus'' is a genus of spiders in the family Pholcidae, with 361 described species as of October 2021. It includes the cellar spider '' P. phalangioides'', often called the "daddy longlegs". This may cause confusion because the name "daddy longlegs" is also applied to two other unrelated arthropods: the harvestman and the crane fly. Description ''Pholcus'', like Pholcidae in general, have extremely long and thin legs. The genus can be distinguished from other pholcid genera by its large size (body length >4 mm), eight eyes, evenly domed prosoma (lacking a median furrow or pit) and cylindrical opisthosoma (longer than it is high). Habitat In the wild, ''Pholcus'' live in environments such as caves, under rocks, forest shrubs and deep limestone cracks. Synanthropic species such as ''P. phalangioides'' live in and around buildings and other disturbed habitats. Species * '' Pholcus abstrusus'' Yao & Li, 2012 — China * '' Pholcus acutulus'' Paik, 1978 — Korea * '' Pholc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerotization
Sclerotization is a biochemical process that produces the rigid shell of sclerotin that comprises an insect's chitinous exoskeleton. It is prominent in the thicker, armored parts of insects and arachnids, especially in the biting mouthparts and sclerites of scorpions and beetles. Molecular mechanism Sclerotization entails crosslinking of oxygen-reactive derivatives of dopamine. The reaction of the dopamine derivatives toward oxygen is catalyzed by diverse enzymes such as laccase, which convert the catechol groups to quinones. The resulting quinones are susceptible to nucleophilic attack by amines and thiols, which decorate the side-chains of proteins. These reactions gives rise to color (typically brown), loss of solubility, and rigidification that accompany sclerotization.{{cite journal , doi=10.1007/s00726-005-0298-2, title=When Quinones Meet Amino Acids: Chemical, Physical and Biological Consequences, year=2006, last1=Bittner, first1=S., journal=Amino Acids, volume=30, issue=3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chelicerae
The chelicerae () are the mouthparts of the subphylum Chelicerata, an arthropod group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. Commonly referred to as "jaws", chelicerae may be shaped as either articulated fangs, or similarly to pincers. Some chelicerae, such as those found on nearly all spiders, are hollow and contain (or are connected to) venom glands, and are used to inject venom into prey or a perceived threat. In ''Pisaurina mira'', also known as the nursery web spider, the chelicerae are utilized to snatch the prey once it becomes within reach, facilitating the "sit-and-wait ambush predator" behavior. Both pseudoscorpions and harvestmen have structures on their chelicerae that are used for grooming (papillae in pseudoscorpions, cheliceral teeth in Opiliones). Types Chelicerae can be divided into three kinds: jackknife chelicerae, scissor chelicerae, and 3-segmented chelate chelicerae. Jackknife chelicerae The jackknife chelicera is subchelate (with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epigyne
The epigyne or epigynum is the external genital structure of female spiders. As the epigyne varies greatly in form in different species, even in closely related ones, it often provides the most distinctive characteristic for recognizing species. It consists of a small, hardened portion of the exoskeleton located on the underside of the abdomen, in front of the epigastric furrow and between the epigastric plates. Functions The primary function of the epigyne is to receive and direct the palpal organ of the male during copulation. The various specific forms of epigynes are correlated, in each case, with corresponding specific differences in the palpus of the male. This specialization prevents individuals of different species from mating. The epigyne covers or accompanies the openings of the spermathecae, which are pouches for receiving and retaining sperm. Frequently, the openings of the spermathecae are on the outer face of the epigyne and can be easily seen. A secondary functi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
