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PNR
A passenger name record (PNR) is a record in the database of a computer reservation system (CRS) that contains the itinerary for a passenger or a group of passengers travelling together. The concept of a PNR was first introduced by airlines that needed to exchange reservation information in case passengers required flights of multiple airlines to reach their destination ("interlining"). For this purpose, IATA and ATA have defined standards for interline messaging of PNR and other data through the "ATA/IATA Reservations Interline Message Procedures - Passenger" (AIRIMP). There is no general industry standard for the layout and content of a PNR. In practice, each CRS or hosting system has its own proprietary standards, although common industry needs, including the need to map PNR data easily to AIRIMP messages, has resulted in many general similarities in data content and format between all of the major systems. When a passenger books an itinerary, the travel agent or travel websi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States–European Union Agreement On Passenger Name Records
The ''Agreement between the United States of America and the European Union on the use and transfer of Passenger Name Records to the United States Department of Homeland Security'' is an international agreement between the United States of America and the European Union that was signed on 14 December 2011 for the purpose of providing passenger name records (PNR) from air carriers operating passenger flights to the United States Department of Homeland Security to "ensure security and to protect the life and safety of the public" (Article 1). Historical development Access and transfer of passenger name records (PNRs) fall under the purview of European Data Protection Law. Under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 1980 Privacy Guidelines, and the 1995 European Union Directive on data protection, PNRs may only be transferred to countries with comparable data protection laws. Also, law enforcement authorities are permitted to access the passenger data o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Record Locator
In airline reservation systems, a record locator is an alphanumeric or alpha code used to identify and access a specific record on an airline’s reservation system. An airline’s reservation system automatically generates a unique record locator whenever a customer makes a reservation or booking, commonly known in the industry as an itinerary. When an itinerary is entered into the reservation system it is commonly known as a passenger name record (PNR). An itinerary may be entered into the system by a passenger, travel agent or airline employee. The record locator typically appears on the itinerary provided to the passenger, and may be described as a confirmation number, reservation number, confirmation code, booking reference, booking code, or vendor locator, or other description, depending on the reservation system. Format Record locators are created by each computer reservation system (CRS) and are specific to that CRS. They are typically 6 alphanumeric characters in len ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Global Distribution System
A global distribution system (GDS) is a computerised network system owned or operated by a company that enables transactions between travel industry service providers, mainly airlines, hotels, car rental companies, and travel agencies. The GDS mainly uses ''real-time inventory'' (e.g. number of hotel rooms available, number of flight seats available, or number of cars available) from the service providers. Travel agencies traditionally relied on GDS for services, products and rates in order to provide travel-related services to the end consumers. Thus, a GDS can link services, rates and bookings consolidating products and services across all three travel sectors: i.e., airline reservations, hotel reservations, car rentals. GDS is different from a computer reservations system, which is a reservation system used by the service providers (also known as vendors). Primary customers of GDS are travel agents (both online and office-based) who make reservations on various reservation sys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Reservation System
Computer reservation systems, or central reservation systems (CRS), are computerized systems used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other activities. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSs were later extended for use by travel agency, travel agencies, and global distribution systems (GDSs) to book and sell tickets for multiple airlines. Most airlines have outsourced their CRSs to GDS companies, which also enable consumer access through Internet gateways. Modern GDSs typically also allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as other activities and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets, although these are not always integrated with the main system. These are also used to relay computerized information for users in the hotel industry, making reservation and ensuring that the hotel is not overbooked. Airline reservations sys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Reservations System
Computer reservation systems, or central reservation systems (CRS), are computerized systems used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other activities. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSs were later extended for use by travel agencies, and global distribution systems (GDSs) to book and sell tickets for multiple airlines. Most airlines have outsourced their CRSs to GDS companies, which also enable consumer access through Internet gateways. Modern GDSs typically also allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as other activities and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets, although these are not always integrated with the main system. These are also used to relay computerized information for users in the hotel industry, making reservation and ensuring that the hotel is not overbooked. Airline reservations systems may be i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directorate-General For Justice, Freedom And Security
:''DG Justice, Freedom and Security was split in 2010. For Home Affairs (security), see Directorate-General for Home Affairs (European Commission).'' The Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (DG JUST) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission. The role of the body is to ensure that the whole European Union (EU) is an area of freedom, security and justice. The specific tasks and responsibilities of the DG are laid down by the Treaty of Rome (see Part Two, Articles 17–22; Part Three, Title III, Articles 39–47), the Treaty of Amsterdam which came into force on 1 May 1999 and the conclusions of the European Council meeting in Tampere ( Finland) in October 1999. The relevant Commissioner is the ''European Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality'' (formerly European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship). Structure As of 2015, the DG Justice and Consumers is divided into 5 directorates, namely : *Directorate A : Civi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directorate-General For Justice (European Commission)
:''DG Justice, Freedom and Security was split in 2010. For Home Affairs (security), see Directorate-General for Home Affairs (European Commission).'' The Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (DG JUST) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission. The role of the body is to ensure that the whole European Union (EU) is an area of freedom, security and justice. The specific tasks and responsibilities of the DG are laid down by the Treaty of Rome (see Part Two, Articles 17–22; Part Three, Title III, Articles 39–47), the Treaty of Amsterdam which came into force on 1 May 1999 and the conclusions of the European Council meeting in Tampere (Finland) in October 1999. The relevant Commissioner is the ''European Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality'' (formerly European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship). Structure As of 2015, the DG Justice and Consumers is divided into 5 directorates, namely : *Directorate A : Civil justic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directorate-General For Home Affairs (European Commission)
The Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission. The role of the body is to ensure the EU's security, to build a common EU migration and asylum policy, and to promote dialogue and cooperation with non-EU countries. Thereby, it contributes to the area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ). Structure *Directorate A: Directorate for International and Horizontal Affairs *Directorate B: Schengen, Borders & Innovation *Directorate C: Migration, Asylum and Visa *Directorate D: Internal security *Directorate E: HOME Affairs Funds *Directorate F: Audit and Situational Awareness Additionally, there are the following Migration and Home Affairs Agencies of the European Union, Agencies: * European Agency for the operational management of large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice (eu-LISA) * FRONTEX, European Border Coast Guard Agency (EBCGA) * European Asylum Office (EASO) * European Union Agency ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stefano Manservisi
Stefano is the Italian form of the masculine given name Στέφανος (Stefanos, Stephen). The name is of Greek origin, Στέφανος, meaning a person who made a significant achievement and has been crowned. In Orthodox Christianity the achievement is in the realm of virtues, αρετές, therefore the name signifies a person who had triumphed over passions and gained the relevant virtues. In Italian, the stress falls usually on the first syllable, (an exception is the Apulian surname ''Stefano'', ); in English it is often mistakenly placed on the second, . People with the given name Stefano * Stefano (wrestler), ring name of Daniel Garcia Soto, professional wrestler * Stefano Borgia (1731–1804), Italian Cardinal, theologian, antiquarian, and historian * Stefano Bertacco (1962–2020), Italian politician * Stefano Cagol (born 1969), Italian artist * Stefano Casiraghi (1960–1990), Italian socialite * Stefano Cavazzoni (1881–1951), Italian politician * Stefano Era ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UKUSA Agreement
The United Kingdom – United States of America Agreement (UKUSA, ) is a multilateral agreement for cooperation in signals intelligence between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The alliance of intelligence operations is also known as the Five Eyes. In classification markings this is abbreviated as FVEY, with the individual countries being abbreviated as AUS, CAN, NZL, GBR, and USA, respectively. Emerging from an informal agreement related to the 1941 Atlantic Charter, the secret treaty was renewed with the passage of the 1943 BRUSA Agreement, before being officially enacted on 5 March 1946 by the United Kingdom and the United States. In the following years, it was extended to encompass Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Other countries, known as "third parties", such as West Germany, the Philippines, and several Nordic countries, also joined the UKUSA community in associate capacities, although they are not part of the mechanism for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Data Protection Supervisor
The European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) is an independent supervisory authority whose primary objective is to monitor and ensure that European institutions and bodies respect the right to privacy and data protection when they process personal data and develop new policies. Wojciech Wiewiórowski has been appointed European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) by a joint decision of the European Parliament and the Council. Appointed for a five-year term, he took office on 6 December 2019. Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 describes the duties and powers of the European Data Protection Supervisor (Chapter VI) as well as the institutional independence of the EDPS as a supervisory authority. It also lays down the rules for data protection in the EU institutions. Activities The duties and powers of the EDPS, as well as the institutional independence of the supervisory authority, are set out in the "Data Protection Regulation". In practice the EDPS' activities can be divided into three ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signals Intelligence
Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of '' signals'', whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management. As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence in turn involves the use of cryptanalysis to decipher the messages. Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information again. History Origins Electronic interceptions appeared as early as 1900, during the Boer War of 1899–1902. The British Royal Navy had installed wireless sets produced by Marconi on board their ships in the late 1890s, and the British Army used some limited wireless signalling. The Boers captured some wireless sets and used them to make vital tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
