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PME Aggregation Function
PME Aggregation Function (PAF) is a computer networking mechanism defined in Clause 61 of the IEEE 802.3 standard, which allows one or more Physical Medium Entities (PMEs) to be combined to form a single logical Ethernet link. The PAF is located in the Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS), between the Media Access Control (MAC)-PHY Rate Matching function and the Transmission Convergence (TC) sublayer. It interfaces with the PMEs across the λ-interface, and to the MAC-PHY Rate Matching function using an abstract interface. PAF is an optional function which was defined before 2007 for two IEEE 802.3 interfaces: 2BASE-TL and 10PASS-TS, both of which were Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) copper PHY, physical layers. Details PME Aggregation function has the following characteristics: * Supports aggregation of up to 32 PMEs * Supports individual PMEs having different data rates (max 1:4 ratio) * Ensures low packet latency and preserves frame order * Scalable and resilient to PME failure * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Network
A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes. The computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are made up of telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies. The nodes of a computer network can include personal computers, servers, networking hardware, or other specialised or general-purpose hosts. They are identified by network addresses, and may have hostnames. Hostnames serve as memorable labels for the nodes, rarely changed after initial assignment. Network addresses serve for locating and identifying the nodes by communication protocols such as the Internet Protocol. Computer networks may be classified by many criteria, including the transmission medium used to carry signals, bandwidth, communications pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonding Protocols
Bonding may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Bonding (TV series), ''Bonding'' (TV series), a 2019 Netflix Original TV series * Bonding (Kim Possible), "Bonding" (''Kim Possible''), a 2004 episode of the television series ''Kim Possible'' * "The Bonding", a 1989 episode of the television series ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' * The Bonding (album), ''The Bonding'' (album), a 2013 album by Austrian symphonic metal band Edenbridge Other uses * Bonding (dental), a dental procedure in which a dentist applies a resin material to the tooth See also * Human bonding * Female bonding * Male bonding * Channel bonding (or modem bonding), an arrangement in which two or more network interfaces on a host computer are combined ** NIC bonding, an alternate name for link aggregation * Electrical bonding, practice of connecting all metal objects in a room to protect from electric shock * Bonding, a method for creating electric interconnects: ** Ball bonding, a method very similar to wire bon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generic Framing Procedure
{{Unreferenced, date=December 2009 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) is a multiplexing technique defined by ITU-T G.7041. This allows mapping of variable length, higher-layer client signals over a circuit switched transport network like OTN, SDH/SONET or PDH. The client signals can be protocol data unit (PDU) oriented (like IP/ PPP or Ethernet Media Access Control) or can be block-code oriented (like Fibre Channel). There are two modes of GFP: Generic Framing Procedure - Framed (GFP-F) and Generic Framing Procedure - Transparent (GFP-T): * GFP-F maps each client frame into a single GFP frame. GFP-F is used where the client signal is framed or packetized by the client protocol. * GFP-T, on the other hand, allows mapping of multiple 8B/10B block-coded client data streams into an efficient 64B/65B block code for transport within a GFP frame. GFP utilizes a length/ HEC-based frame delineation mechanism that is more robust than that used by High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Time-Division Multiplexing
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating pattern. This method transmits two or more digital signals or analog signals over a common channel. It can be used when the bit rate of the transmission medium exceeds that of the signal to be transmitted. This form of signal multiplexing was developed in telecommunications for telegraphy systems in the late 19th century, but found its most common application in digital telephony in the second half of the 20th century. History Time-division multiplexing was first developed for applications in telegraphy to route multiple transmissions simultaneously over a single transmission line. In the 1870s, Émile Baudot developed a time-multiplexing system of multiple Hughes telegraph machines. In 1944, the Britis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Point-to-point (telecommunications)
In telecommunications, a point-to-point connection refers to a communications connection between two communication endpoints or nodes. An example is a telephone call, in which one telephone is connected with one other, and what is said by one caller can only be heard by the other. This is contrasted with a ''point-to-multipoint'' or ''broadcast'' connection, in which many nodes can receive information transmitted by one node. Other examples of point-to-point communications links are leased lines and microwave radio relay. The term is also used in computer networking and computer architecture to refer to a wire or other connection that links only two computers or circuits, as opposed to other network topologies such as buses or crossbar switches which can connect many communications devices. ''Point-to-point'' is sometimes abbreviated as ''P2P''. This usage of ''P2P'' is distinct from ''P2P'' meaning ''peer-to-peer'' in the context of file sharing networks or other data-sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AAL5
ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5) is an ATM adaptation layer used to send variable-length Packet (information technology), packets up to 65,535 Octet (computing), octets in size across an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network. Unlike most network frames, which place control information in the Header (computing), header, AAL5 places control information in an 8-octet Trailer (information technology), trailer at the end of the packet. The AAL5 trailer contains a 16-bit length Field (computer science), field, a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and two 8-bit fields labeled ''UU'' and ''CPI'' that are currently unused. Each AAL5 packet is divided into an integral number of ATM cells and reassembled into a packet before delivery to the receiving host (network), host. This process is known as Segmentation and Reassembly (see below). The last cell contains padding to ensure that the entire packet is a multiple of 48 octets long. The final cell contains up to 40 octets of data, followed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications standard defined by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and ITU-T (formerly CCITT) for digital transmission of multiple types of traffic. ATM was developed to meet the needs of the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network as defined in the late 1980s, and designed to integrate telecommunication networks. It can handle both traditional high-throughput data traffic and real-time, low-latency content such as telephony (voice) and video.ATM Forum, The User Network Interface (UNI), v. 3.1, , Prentice Hall PTR, 1995, page 2. ATM provides functionality that uses features of circuit switching and packet switching networks by using asynchronous time-division multiplexing.McDysan (1999), p. 287. In the OSI reference model data link layer (layer 2), the basic transfer units are called '' frames''. In ATM these frames are of a fixed length (53 octets) called ''cells''. This differs from approaches such as Internet Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Round-robin Scheduling
Round-robin (RR) is one of the algorithms employed by process and network schedulers in computing.Guowang Miao, Jens Zander, Ki Won Sung, and Ben Slimane, Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks, Cambridge University Press, , 2016. As the term is generally used, time slices (also known as time quanta) are assigned to each process in equal portions and in circular order, handling all processes without priority (also known as cyclic executive). Round-robin scheduling is simple, easy to implement, and starvation-free. Round-robin scheduling can be applied to other scheduling problems, such as data packet scheduling in computer networks. It is an operating system concept. The name of the algorithm comes from the round-robin principle known from other fields, where each person takes an equal share of something in turn. Process scheduling To schedule processes fairly, a round-robin scheduler generally employs time-sharing, giving each job a time slot or ''quantum'' (its allowance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inverse Multiplexing For ATM
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) is a standardized technology used to transport ATM traffic over a bundle of T1 or E1 lines, which is called an ''IMA Group''. This allows for gradual increase in data link capacity where implementing a higher capacity solution like T3/E3 or SONET/SDH is not deemed feasible. The maximum number of lines in an IMA Group is 32, bringing the total data rate to roughly 64 Mbit/s. The standard specification was initially approved by The ATM Forum in July 1997, and was later updated to version 1.1 in March 1999. ATM cell insertion happens in the round robin fashion and is transparent for the terminal equipment on the ends of the link. IMA inverse multiplexing functionality requires some overhead (ICP or ''IMA Control Protocol'' cells, typically one ICP cell in every IMA frame—commonly 128 cells in length—and in CTC or ''Common Transmit Clock'' mode, an ICP ''stuff'' cell must be inserted after every 2048 cells), and an IMA sublayer on the physical l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ANSI
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards. The organization's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI annual operating b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IEEE 802
IEEE 802 is a family of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards for local area networks (LAN), personal area network (PAN), and metropolitan area networks (MAN). The IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC) maintains these standards. The IEEE 802 family of standards has had twenty-four members, numbered 802.1 through 802.24, with a working group of the LMSC devoted to each. However, not all of these working groups are currently active. The IEEE 802 standards are restricted to computer networks carrying variable-size packets, unlike cell relay networks, for example, in which data is transmitted in short, uniformly sized units called cells. Isochronous signal networks, in which data is transmitted as a steady stream of octets, or groups of octets, at regular time intervals, are also outside the scope of the IEEE 802 standards. The number 802 has no significance: it was simply the next number in the sequence that the IEEE used for standards projects. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
