Oirata–Makasai Languages

	Oirata–Makasai Languages The Oirata–Makasai, or Eastern Timor, languages are a small family of Papuan languages spoken in eastern Timor and the neighboring island of Kisar. Languages Mandala ''et al.'' (2011) found that Fataluku and Oirata are closer to each other than they are to Makasai: Makasai (including Makalero dialect) Oirata–Fataluku Fataluku ( Rusenu perhaps belongs here) Oirata Fataluku has high dialect diversity, and may be more than a single language, for example with Rusenu. An additional Makuv'a (Lovaea) branch was once assumed for East Timor, but that appears to be a heavily Papuan-influenced Austronesian language. The fourth Papuan language spoken in East Timor, Bunak, is more distantly related. It is currently unknown if they are closer to each other or to the Alor–Pantar languages The Alor–Pantar languages are a family of clearly related Papuan languages spoken on islands of the Alor archipelago near Timor in southern Indonesia. They may be most closely related to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	East Timor East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is . Dili is its capital and largest city. East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975. Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation. Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and in 1999 a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory. On 20 May 2002, as ''Timor-Leste'', it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century. The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Makalero Dialect Makalero or Maklere is a Papuan language spoken in the Lautém district of East Timor. It was previously considered to be a dialect of Makasae Makasae (also known as Makassai, Macassai, Ma'asae, Makasai) is a Papuan language spoken by about 100,000 people in the eastern part of East Timor, in the districts of Baucau and Viqueque, just to the west of Fataluku. It is the most widely spok ..., but is nowadays seen as a separate language, both by its speakers and linguists. Phonology The data in this section are from Huber (2017). Consonants Makalero has 11 native consonant phonemes. Vowels Monophthongs Makalero has five vowel phonemes. Most long vowels occur in predictable contexts; thus Huber argues long vowels are marginal phonemes at best. Syllables are commonly CV; some are CVC. Epenthetic vowels are often inserted between series of two consonants, and echo vowels are often added to the end of phonological phrases. Grammar All information in this section is from Hub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Alor–Pantar Languages The Alor–Pantar languages are a family of clearly related Papuan languages The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non-Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geogra ... spoken on islands of the Alor archipelago near Timor in southern Indonesia. They may be most closely related to the Papuan languages of eastern Timor, but this is not yet clear. A more distant relationship with the Trans–New Guinea languages of the Bomberai Peninsula, Bomberai peninsula of Western New Guinea has been proposed based on pronominal evidence, but though often cited has never been firmly established. Languages The family is conventionally divided into two branches, centered on the islands of Alor Island, Alor and Pantar Island, Pantar. * Alor branch: Woisika language, Wosika, Abui language, Abui, Adang language, Adang–Kabola, Kafoa langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Bunak Language The Bunak language (also known as Bunaq, Buna', Bunake, pronounced ) is the language of the Bunak people of the mountainous region of central Timor, split between the political boundary between West Timor, Indonesia, particularly in Lamaknen District and East Timor. It is one of the few on Timor which is not an Austronesian language, but rather a Papuan language of the Timor-Alor-Pantar language family. The language is surrounded by Malayo-Polynesian languages, like Uab Meto and Tetum. Bunak distinguishes between animate and inanimate noun classes. Phonology * Plosive sounds /p t k/ can be heard as unreleased allophones ̚ t̚ k̚ in word-final position. * Sounds /b d ɡ/ can be heard as � r ɣin intervocalic positions. * /ɡ/ can be heard as ʒwhen preceding /i/. * /z/ can have allophones � dʒin free variation. * /tʃ/ is heard as when preceding /i/. * /l/ in word-final position can also be heard as a fricative �in free variation. Schapper (2009). Pronouns P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Makuv'a Language Makuva, also known as Maku'a or Lóvaia, is an apparently extinct Austronesian language spoken at the northeast tip of East Timor near the town of Tutuala. Makuva has been heavily influenced by neighboring East Timorese Papuan languages, to the extent that it was long thought to be a Papuan language. The ethnic population was 50 in 1981, but the younger generation uses Fataluku Fataluku (also known as Dagaga, Dagoda', Dagada) is a Papuan language spoken by approximately 37,000 people of Fataluku ethnicity in the eastern areas of East Timor, especially around Lospalos. It is a member of the Timor-Alor-Pantar language fa ... as their first or second language. A 2003 report estimated that there were only five fluent speakers of the language. Numbers References External links * ELAR archive oMaku'a language documentation materials Timor–Babar languages Languages of East Timor Endangered Austronesian languages Extinct languages of Asia {{austronesian-lang-s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Oirata Language Oirata or Woirata (also known as Maaro) is a Timor–Alor–Pantar language spoken on the island of Kisar in Indonesia, and by some people in Ambon. ''Ethnologue'' reports an SIL figure of 1,200 speakers from 1987. It is closely related to Fataluku Fataluku (also known as Dagaga, Dagoda', Dagada) is a Papuan language spoken by approximately 37,000 people of Fataluku ethnicity in the eastern areas of East Timor, especially around Lospalos. It is a member of the Timor-Alor-Pantar language fa ..., of which it is sometimes considered to be a dialect. Phonology Vowels Oirata has five vowels: Consonants Oirata has 13 consonants: References External links Oirata Wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary DatabaseWoirata Maro (Oirata People) film {{West Trans–New Guinea languages Languages of Indonesia Oirata–Makasai languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rusenu Language Rusenu is a virtually extinct Papuan language discovered in 2007. It was spoken in the east of what is now East Timor. Rusenu was discovered accidentally by the Dutch-Timorese linguist Aone van Engelenhoven, who was studying a language called Makuva, thought since the 1950s to be extinct. Just as he was about to leave for the Netherlands, he was informed about the existence of a language called Rusenu. There was said to be only one elderly woman "who had some knowledge of it." He gave his tape recorder to his informant, who subsequently interrogated the women and her son. She remembered a nursery rhyme, which she was unable to interpret (as was her entire tribe). Her son could count to ten in the language. After Van Engelenhoven analysed and transcribed the recording, he concluded that Rusenu, "albeit remotely related to Fataluku, is a separate language." The speakers of Rusenu were also claimed to have been responsible for the several thousand years old rock drawing A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Fataluku Language Fataluku (also known as Dagaga, Dagoda', Dagada) is a Papuan language spoken by approximately 37,000 people of Fataluku ethnicity in the eastern areas of East Timor, especially around Lospalos. It is a member of the Timor-Alor-Pantar language family, which includes languages spoken both in East Timor and nearby regions of Indonesia. Fataluku's closest relative is Oirata, spoken on Kisar island, in the Moluccas of Indonesia. Fataluku is given the status of a national language under the constitution. Speakers of Fataluku normally have a command of Tetum and/or Indonesian. It has a considerable amount of Austronesian loanwords, and it has borrowed elements of Sanskrit and Arabic vocabulary via Malay. Phonology Vowels Consonants ¹ Spelled in Nácher orthography. ² Pronunciation of and varies in dialects. Words and phrases In the examples below, the letter 'c' and the letter combination 'tx' are pronounced as the 'ch' in the English word 'church'. Rau ana kapare? / e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Makasai Language Makasae (also known as Makassai, Macassai, Ma'asae, Makasai) is a Papuan language spoken by about 100,000 people in the eastern part of East Timor, in the districts of Baucau and Viqueque, just to the west of Fataluku. It is the most widely spoken Papuan language west of New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of .... Phonology The data in this section are from Huber (2017). Consonants Native consonant phonemes are shown in the chart below for the Ossu dialect. Borrowed consonants are enclosed in parenthesis. Vowels Monophthongs Makasae has five vowel phonemes. References Further reading * Huber, Juliette (2008). ''First steps towards a grammar of Makasae: a language of East Timor''. LINCOM * * * External links Makasaiat The Language Archive {{West T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Kisar Kisar, also known as ''Yotowawa'', is a small island in the Southwestern Moluccas in Indonesia, located to the northeast of Timor Island. Most of the island is included within the Southernmost Islands District ('' Kecamatan Pulau Pulau Terselatan'') within the Southwest Islands Regency of Maluku Province. The District previously also includes the larger (but less populated) Romang Island further north, but this with its own outliers was subsequently split off to form its own district (''Kecamatan Kepulauan Romang''). The rest of the island forms the North Kisar District (''Kecamatan Kisar Utara'') within the regency. It is one of the 92 officially listed outlying islands of Indonesia. The principal town is Wonreli, with 6,652 inhabitants at the 2010 Census. Geography, geology and ecology Kisar is similar geographically and geologically to the nearby islands of Timor, Leti, and Moa. The interior of the island is hilly, with several small mountains lined roughly east–west. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Timor Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, in the north of the Timor Sea. The island is East Timor–Indonesia border, divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia on the western part. The Indonesian part, also known as West Timor, constitutes part of the Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Nusa Tenggara. Within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District. The island covers an area of . The name is a variant of ''timur'', Malay language, Malay for "east"; it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Mainland Australia is less than 500 km away, separated by the Timor Sea. Language, ethnic groups and religion Anthropologists identify eleven distinct Ethnolinguistic group, ethno-linguistic groups in Timor. The largest are the Atoni of western Timor and the Tetum of central and eastern Timor. Most indigenous Timorese languages belong to the Timor� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Papuan Languages The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non-Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship. The concept of Papuan (non-Austronesian) speaking Melanesians as distinct from Austronesian-speaking Melanesians was first suggested and named by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1892. New Guinea is the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the Austronesian languages, there are some (arguably) 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to any other languages, plus many language isolates. The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea, with a number spoken in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville Island and the Solomon Islands to the east, and in Halmahera, Timor and the A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]