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Oecobioidea
The Eresoidea or eresoids are a group of araneomorph spiders that have been treated as a superfamily. As usually circumscribed, the group contains three families: Eresidae, Hersiliidae and Oecobiidae. Studies and reviews based on morphology suggested the monophyly of the group; more recent gene-based studies have found the Eresidae and Oecobiidae to fall into different clades, placing doubt on the acceptability of the taxon. Some researchers have grouped Hersiliidae and Oecobiidae into the separate superfamily Oecobioidea, a conclusion supported in a 2017 study, which does not support Eresoidea. Phylogeny Some largely morphology-based phylogenetic studies that included the three families assigned to the Eresoidea supported their monophyly, with the internal structure of the clade being as shown below. Eresoidea was placed as basal in the Entelegynae, with its precise position relative to the Palpimanoidea, also basal, varying. In 2015, Jonathan A. Coddington summarized this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hersiliidae
Hersiliidae is a tropical and subtropical family of spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1869, which are commonly known as tree trunk spiders. They have two prominent spinnerets that are almost as long as their abdomen, earning them another nickname, the "two-tailed spiders". They range in size from long. Rather than using a web that captures prey directly, they lay a light coating of threads over an area of tree bark and wait for an insect to stray onto the patch. When this happens, they encircle their spinnerets around their prey while casting silk on it. When the insect is immobilized, they can bite it through the shroud. Diversity Hersiliidae is an entelegyne family (characterized primarily by the nature of the female genital system), and together with the family Oecobiidae traditionally formed the superfamily Oecobioidea. The family consists of about 206 species divided into sixteen genera. It has a global distribution in tropical and subtropical regions, with on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entelegynae
The Entelegynae or entelegynes are a subgroup of araneomorph spiders, the largest of the two main groups into which the araneomorphs were traditionally divided. Females have a genital plate ( epigynum) and a "flow through" fertilization system; males have complex palpal bulbs. Molecular phylogenetic studies have supported the monophyly of Entelegynae (whereas the other traditional subgroup, the Haplogynae, has been shown not to be monophyletic). The clade contains both cribellate and ecribellate spiders. Characterization The Entelegynae are characterized primarily by the nature of the female genital system. The ancestral ( plesiomorphic) system is found in non-entelegyne spiders, where there is a single external genital opening in the female's abdomen. One or more males inject sperm from their palpal bulbs via this opening; the sperm is usually stored in special spermathecae (absent in some spiders, e.g. ''Pholcus''). When eggs are released from the ovaries, sperm is also releas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eresus Fg03
''Eresus'', also called ladybird spiders, is a genus of velvet spiders that was first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805. Members of the genus formerly called ''Eresus cinnaberinus'' or ''Eresus niger'' are now placed in one of three species: ''Eresus kollari'', ''Eresus sandaliatus'' and '' Eresus moravicus''. Description They resemble both jumping spiders and the spiders in the Palpimanidae, as their bodies look similar, and are as well rather velvety. Males of this genus have a red abdomen, with black spotting, usually taking the form of 4 black spots. While the rest of the body is usually black, with some reddish areas or white areas. Females of this genus are duly colored usually being a grey, brown or black color. Some species having some yellow coloration, thought they are still significantly duller then the males. Identification Males of this genus can usually be distinguished by their unique abdominal pattern. Which in the lateral areas has two pairs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraphyly
In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic group (a clade) includes a common ancestor and ''all'' of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term was coined by Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia ( reptiles) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles and all descendants of that ancestor, including all extant reptiles as well as the extinct synapsids, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oecobius
Wall spider is the common name for members of the genus ''Oecobius''. The members of these several species are all very small spiders that make small flat webs over crevices in walls and in similar spaces. They possess an organ called a cribellum, which is a kind of comb-like device used to separate fibers of silk drawn from its spinnerets into many extremely fine fibers. Those fibers are so small in diameter that prey insects easily become entangled in them. The spiders then bite them before they can get away. One cosmopolitan species is ''O. navus'' (sometimes also called ''O. annulipes''). One species of interest is ''Oecobius civitas''. When a spider enters the home of another spider, rather than defend itself, the resident leaves to find another one. Species * '' Oecobius achimota'' Shear & Benoit, 1974 (Ghana) * '' Oecobius aculeatus'' Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.) * '' Oecobius affinis'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1872 (Syria, Jordan) * '' Oecobius agaetensis'' Wunderlich, 1992 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deinopis
''Deinopis'', also known as net-casting spiders, gladiator spiders and ogre-faced spiders, is a genus of net-casting spiders that was first described by W. S. MacLeay in 1839. Its distribution is widely tropical and subtropical. They catch their prey using a specially spun "net". The name is derived from the Greek (''deinos''), meaning "fearful", and ''opis'', meaning "appearance", referring to their ogre-like faces. The spelling "''Dinopis''" is also found, but is regarded as an "unjustified emendation". Net-casting Spiders in the genus ''Deinopis'' catch their prey in an unusual fashion. They first spin a small upright rectangular cribellate web. This is then detached from its supporting threads and held horizontally above the ground by the spider's long front two pairs of legs while the spider hangs almost vertically. Passing prey is then captured by dropping the "net" over it. Eyes The two posterior median eyes are enlarged and forward-facing. These eyes have a wide field ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deinopidae
Deinopidae, also known as net casting spiders, is a family of cribellate spiders first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1850. It consists of stick-like elongated spiders that catch prey by stretching a web across their front legs before propelling themselves forward. These unusual webs will stretch two or three times their relaxed size, entangling any prey that touch them. The posterior median eyes have excellent night vision, allowing them to cast nets accurately in low-light conditions. These eyes are larger than the others, and sometimes makes these spiders appear to only have two eyes. Ogre-faced spiders (''Deinopis'') are the best known genus in this family. The name refers to the perceived physical similarity to the mythological creature of the same name. This family also includes the humped-back spiders (''Menneus''). They are distributed through tropics worldwide from Australia to Africa and the Americas. In Florida, ''Deinopis'' often hangs upside down from a silk line und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philoponella
''Philoponella'' is a genus of uloborid spiders. Like all Uloboridae, these species have no venom. Cooperation Some species (among them ''P. congregabilis'' and ''P. oweni'') construct communal webs, but nevertheless do not capture prey cooperatively. However, a few species, such as ''P. raffrayi'', are known to cooperate in prey capture. A colony of ''P. raffrayi'' is composed of individual orb-webs connected by non-adhesive silk. Its average body length is about 6 mm in females and 3 mm in males. Adult females are orange for at least a week after the final molt, and become black a few weeks later. In these colonies, ''Argyrodes'' and '' Portia'' species can also be found, acting as kleptoparasites and predators, respectively. When relatively large prey is trapped on the periphery of the colony, two females cooperate in about 10% of cases in wrapping it, which increases their chances of success about fourfold. However, only one female then feeds on this prey. Cooperat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uloboridae
Uloboridae is a family of non-venomous spiders, known as cribellate orb weavers or hackled orb weavers. Their lack of venom glands is a secondarily evolved trait. Instead, they wrap their prey thoroughly in silk, cover it in regurgitated digestive enzymes, and then ingest the liquified body. Description They are medium to large spiders, with tree claws, which lack venomous glands. They build a spiral web using cribellate silk, which is quite fuzzy. They are usually dull in color, and are able to camouflage well into their surroundings. Usually having a humped opisthosoma, which is notoriously more humped than the carapace. Their rear eyes curving, in some species stronger than others. Hunting The hunting method of these spiders is quite unique among all animals in the kingdom. These spiders do not use an adhesive on their orb webs, but rather the very fine cribellate fibers on each strand of silk tend to ensnare prey. Since newly hatched uloborids lack the cribellum needed to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Araneoidea
Araneoidea is a taxon of araneomorph spiders, termed "araneoids", treated as a superfamily. As with many such groups, its circumscription has varied; in particular some families that had at one time moved to the Palpimanoidea have more recently been restored to Araneoidea. A 2014 treatment includes 18 families, with the araneoids making up about 26% of the total number of known spider species; a 2016 treatment includes essentially the same taxa, but now divided into 17 families. Taxonomy Many of the differences in circumscription concern the relationship between Araneoidea and Palpimanoidea. In 1984, Raymond R. Forster and Norman I. Platnick proposed that some groups previously considered araneoid actually belonged in the distantly related Palpimanoidea, including the families Holarchaeidae, Micropholcommatidae, Mimetidae and Pararchaeidae. Subsequent phylogenetic studies have rejected this proposal, firmly placing these four families in Araneoidea (some included in other famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stegodyphus
''Stegodyphus'' is a genus of velvet spiders that was first described by Eugène Simon in 1873. They are distributed from Africa to Europe and Asia, with one species (''S. manaus'') found in Brazil. The name is derived from Ancient Greek ('' stegos''), meaning "covered". At least three species are social spiders, and several are known to use ballooning as a method of dispersal. Species it contains twenty species: *''Stegodyphus africanus'' ( Blackwall, 1866) – Africa *''Stegodyphus bicolor'' ( O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – Southern Africa *'' Stegodyphus dufouri'' ( Audouin, 1826) – North, West Africa *''Stegodyphus dumicola'' Pocock, 1898 – Central, Southern Africa *''Stegodyphus hildebrandti ''Stegodyphus'' is a genus of velvet spiders that was first described by Eugène Simon in 1873. They are distributed from Africa to Europe and Asia, with one species (''S. manaus'') found in Brazil. The name is derived from Ancient Greek ( ...'' (Ferdinand Karsch, Kars ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of 'junk' DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also contain chloroplasts with a chloroplast genome. The study of the genome is called genomics. The genomes of many organisms have been sequenced and various regions have been annotated. The International Human Genome Project reported the sequence of the genome for ''Homo sapiens'' in 200The Human Genome Project although the initial "finished" sequence was missing 8% of the genome consisting mostly of repetitive sequences. With advancements in technology that could handle sequenci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
