Oxymonadida

	Oxymonadida The Oxymonads (or Oxymonadida) are a group of flagellated protozoa found exclusively in the intestines of termites and other wood-eating insects. Along with the similar parabasalid flagellates, they harbor the symbiotic bacteria that are responsible for breaking down cellulose. It includes ''Dinenympha'', ''Pyrsonympha'', and ''Oxymonas''. Characteristics Most Oxymonads are around 50 μm in size and have a single nucleus, associated with four flagella. Their basal bodies give rise to several long sheets of microtubules, which form an organelle called an axostyle, but different in structure from the axostyles of parabasalids. The cell may use the axostyle to swim, as the sheets slide past one another and cause it to undulate. An associated fiber called the preaxostyle separates the flagella into two pairs. A few oxymonads have multiple nuclei, flagella, and axostyles. Relationship to Trimastix The free-living flagellate ''Trimastix'' is closely related to the oxymonads. It lac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Monocercomonoides ''Monocercomonoides'' is a genus of flagellate Excavata belonging to the order Oxymonadida. It was established by Bernard V. Travis and was first described as those with "polymastiginid flagellates having three anterior flagella and a trailing one originating at a single basal granule located in front of the anteriorly positioned nucleus, and a more or less well-defined axostyle". It is the first eukaryotic genus to be found to completely lack mitochondria, and all hallmark proteins responsible for mitochondrial function. The genus also lacks any other mitochondria related organelles (MROs) such as hydrogenosomes or mitosomes. Data suggests that the absence of mitochondria is not an ancestral feature, but rather due to secondary loss. ''Monocercomonoides ''sp. was found to obtain energy through an enzymatic action of nutrients absorbed from the environment. The genus has replaced the iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathway with a cytosolic sulfur mobilization system, likely acquire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Oxymonas ''Oxymonas'' is a genus of Excavata. History The genus ''Oxymonas'' within Excavata Excavata is a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota. It was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and introduced by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002 as a formal taxon. It contains a variety of free- ..., was discovered by Janicki in 1915 within termites. ''Oxymonas'' was established in order to accommodate a newly discovered species, ''Oxymonas granulosa''. Through the discovery of ''Oxymonas'', Janicki was also responsible for coining the term karyomastigont for a new structure which was observed in this genus and other termite symbionts. Structure ''Oxymonas'' is found to be sub-elliptical in its body shape and has a pointed posterior end. ''Oxymonas'' is distinguishable by the rostellum, which can be thought of as an elongated proboscis. The rostellum projects anteriorly from the organism and ends in a holdfast apparatus that allows for the attac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Metamonad The metamonads are microscopic eukaryotic organisms, a large group of flagellate amitochondriate Loukozoa. Their composition is not entirely settled, but they include the retortamonads, diplomonads, and possibly the parabasalids and oxymonads as well. These four groups are all anaerobic (many being aerotolerant anerobes), occurring mostly as symbiotes or parasites of animals, as is the case with ''Giardia lamblia'' which causes diarrhea in mammals. Characteristics A number of parabasalids and oxymonads are found in termite guts, and play an important role in breaking down the cellulose found in wood. Some other metamonads are parasites. These flagellates are unusual in lacking mitochondria. Originally they were considered among the most primitive eukaryotes, diverging from the others before mitochondria appeared. However, they are now known to have lost mitochondria secondarily, and retain both organelles and nuclear genes derived from them. Mitochondrial relics include h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Anaeromonadea Anaeromonadea is a class of excavates, comprising the oxymonads and ''Trimastix ''Trimastix'' is a genus of excavates, the sole occupant of the order Trimastigida. ''Trimastix'' are bacterivorous, free living and anaerobic. When first observed in 1881 by William Kent, the morphology of Trimastix was not well describedKent, ...''. Another name used is "Preaxostyla". Phylogeny and Taxonomy Based on the work of Zhang et al. 2015. References External links Tree of Life: Preaxostyla Metamonads Excavata classes {{Excavata-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Pyrsonympha ''Pyrsonympha'' is a genus of Excavata Excavata is a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota. It was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and introduced by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002 as a formal taxon. It contains a variety of free- .... It includes the species ''Pyrsonympha vertens''. References Metamonads Excavata genera {{Excavata-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Preaxostyla Anaeromonadea is a class of excavates, comprising the oxymonads and ''Trimastix ''Trimastix'' is a genus of excavates, the sole occupant of the order Trimastigida. ''Trimastix'' are bacterivorous, free living and anaerobic. When first observed in 1881 by William Kent, the morphology of Trimastix was not well describedKent, ...''. Another name used is "Preaxostyla". Phylogeny and Taxonomy Based on the work of Zhang et al. 2015. References External links Tree of Life: Preaxostyla Metamonads Excavata classes {{Excavata-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Excavata Excavata is a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota. It was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and introduced by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002 as a formal taxon. It contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and also includes some important parasites of humans, including ''Giardia'' and ''Trichomonas''. Excavates were formerly considered to be included in the now obsolete Protista kingdom. They are classified based on their flagellar structures, and they are considered to be the most basal flagellate lineage. Phylogenomic analyses split the members of Excavata into three different and not all closely related groups: Discobids, Metamonads and Malawimonads. Except for Euglenozoa, they are all non-photosynthetic. Characteristics Most excavates are unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates. Only the Euglenozoa are photosynthetic. In some (particularly anaerobic intestinal parasites), the mitochondria have been greatly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]