|
Outline Of Esperanto
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Esperanto: Esperanto is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist, created Esperanto in the late 19th century and published the first book detailing it, ''Unua Libro'', in 1887 under the pseudonym Dr. Esperanto, ''Esperanto'' translating as "one who hopes". What ''type'' of thing is Esperanto? Esperanto can be described as all of the following: *Language **International auxiliary language ***Constructed language Branches of Esperanto * Esperantido ** Mundolinco ** Reformed Esperanto (Esperanto 1894) *** Ido **** Esperanto II *** Romániço History of Esperanto * History of Esperanto ** Zamenhof ***Proto-Esperanto ****''Unua Libro'' *****''Dua Libro'' ******''La Esperantisto'' *******''Fundamento de Esperanto'' ********Declaration of Boulogne *********Montevideo Resolution ********** Manifesto of Rauma ***********Manif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romániço
An Esperantido (plural Esperantidoj) is a constructed language derived from Esperanto. ''Esperantido'' originally referred to the language which is now known as Ido. The word ''Esperantido'' contains the affix (''-ido''), which means a "child (''born to a parent''), young (''of an animal'') or offspring". Hence, ''Esperantido'' literally means an 'offspring or descendant of Esperanto'. A number of Esperantidoj have been created to address a number of perceived flaws or weaknesses in Esperanto (or in other Esperantidoj) by attempting to improve the lexicon, grammar, pronunciation, or orthography. Others were created as language games or to add variety to Esperanto literature. Language reforms These attempted improvements were intended to replace Esperanto. Limited suggestions for improvement within the framework of Esperanto, such as orthographic reforms and riism, are not considered Esperantidos. Mundolinco ''Mundolinco'' (1888) was the first Esperantido, created in 1888. C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esperanto Orthography
Esperanto is written in a Latin-script alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case. This is supplemented by punctuation marks and by various logograms, such as the digits 0–9, currency signs such as $ € ¥ £ ₷, and mathematical symbols. The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, declared a principle of "one letter, one sound", though this is a general rather than strict guideline.Kalocsay & Waringhien, ''Plena analiza gramatiko'', § 17 Twenty-two of the letters are identical in form to letters of the English alphabet (''q, w, x,'' and ''y'' being omitted). The remaining six have diacritical marks: '' ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,'' and '' ŭ'' – that is, ''c, g, h, j,'' and ''s circumflex,'' and ''u breve.'' Latin alphabet Standard Esperanto orthography uses the Latin script. Sound values The letters have approximately the sound values of the IPA, with the exception of ''c'' and the letters with diacritics: '' ĉ'' , ''ĝ'' , ''ĥ'' , ''ĵ'' , ''ŝ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esperanto Phonology
Esperanto is a constructed international auxiliary language designed to have a simple phonology. The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, described Esperanto pronunciation by comparing the sounds of Esperanto with the sounds of several major European languages. With over a century of use, Esperanto has developed a phonological norm, including accepted details of phonetics, phonotactics, and intonation, so that it is now possible to speak of proper Esperanto pronunciation and of properly formed words independently of the languages originally used to describe it. This norm accepts only minor allophonic variation. Inventory The original Esperanto lexicon contains: * 23 consonants (including ĥ , which has become rare, and 4 affricates) * 11 vowels (5 simple vowels and 6 diphthongs). A few additional sounds found in loan words, such as , are not stable. Consonants The uncommon affricate does not have a distinct letter in the orthography, but is written with the digraph , as i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esperanto Grammar
Esperanto is the most widely used constructed language intended for international communication; it was designed with highly regular grammatical rules, and as such is considered an easy language to learn. Each part of speech has a characteristic ending: nouns end with ''‑o''; adjectives with ''‑a''; present‑tense indicative verbs with ''‑as'', and so on. An extensive system of prefixes and suffixes may be freely combined with roots to generate vocabulary, so that it is possible to communicate effectively with a vocabulary of 400 to 500 root words. The original vocabulary of Esperanto had around 900 root words, but was quickly expanded. Grammatical summary Esperanto has an agglutinative morphology, no grammatical gender, and simple verbal and nominal inflections. Verbal suffixes indicate whether a verb is in the infinitive, a participle form (active or passive in three tenses), or one of three moods (indicative, conditional, or volitive; of which the indicative has three ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Evolution Of Esperanto
The international auxiliary language Esperanto has been mostly stable since its creation, especially as compared to other constructed languages. This is due to the Declaration of Boulogne in 1905, which made the early works of Zamenhof binding; most attempts to change the language have been therefore seen as distinct language projects (so-called Esperantidos), and for the most part the Esperanto community has ignored them. The main change in the language has been a great expansion of the vocabulary, largely driven by translations of technical jargon, which is explicitly allowed for by Boulogne. However, there have been more subtle changes to syntax and semantics as the majority of Esperanto authors shifted from native speakers of Slavic and German to other languages, such as French and English. This article considers some of the purposeful changes to the language since Boulogne. Lexicon There has been considerable debate over whether technical terminology should be taken from in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manifesto Of Prague
The Prague Manifesto ( eo, Praga Manifesto) is a historic document that establishes a set of seven widely shared principles of the Esperanto movement. It was drafted at the 1996 World Esperanto Congress in Prague by officials from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and those attending the congress. The document emphasizes democratic communication, language rights, preservation of language diversity, and effective language education. Text The following is the full English text of the 15-page pamphlet, which includes the same text in French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese and Arabic. (The pamphlet, published by Universal Esperanto Association The Universal Esperanto Association ( eo, Universala Esperanto-Asocio, UEA), also known as the World Esperanto Association, is the largest international organization of Esperanto speakers, with 5501 individual members in 121 countries and 9215 th ..., is undated). We, members of the worldwide movement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manifesto Of Rauma
Raumism ( eo, Raŭmismo) is an ideology beginning in 1980 with the ''Rauma Manifesto'', which criticized the goals of the traditional Esperanto movement and defined the Esperanto community as "a stateless diaspora linguistic minority" based on freedom of association. Rauma Manifesto The Rauma Manifesto ( eo, Manifesto de Raŭmo) was ratified in 1980 at the 36th International Youth Congress in Rauma, Finland. It emphasized that official acceptance of the language was not probable and not essential during the 1980s and that it was necessary to have alternative goals. The manifesto emphasized the fact that the Esperanto-speaking community had itself become a culture, worthy of preservation and promotion for its own sake. It states: "We want to spread Esperanto to realize its positive values more and more, bit by bit (...)" "Ni celas disvastigi Esperanton por pli kaj pli, iom post iom realigi ĝiajn pozitivajn valorojn (...)Manifesto de Raŭmo §3 "Niaj celoj" (Our goals) – a fact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montevideo Resolution
Resolution IV.4.422-4224, commonly referred to as the Montevideo Resolution, is a resolution passed in Montevideo, Uruguay on December 10, 1954 by the General Conference of UNESCO. The resolution officially supports the constructed language Esperanto as an international auxiliary language and recommends that the Director-General of UNESCO follow current developments in the use of the language. The Montevideo Resolution was the result of a long campaign by Ivo Lapenna. In 1977, the Director-General visited the World Esperanto Congress in Reykjavík, Iceland, and in 1985, UNESCO passed a further resolution recommending that member countries encourage the teaching of Esperanto. Text ''General Conference of Unesco. Eight session. Montevideo (Uruguay), 1954. Resolution adopted on December 10, 1954, in the 18th plenary meeting.'' *IV.1.4.422 : The General Conference, : Having discussed the report of the Director-General on the international petition in favour of Esperanto (8C/PRG ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Declaration Of Boulogne
The Declaration on the Essence of Esperantism ( eo, Deklaracio pri la esenco de Esperantismo), commonly referred to as the Declaration of Boulogne (''Bulonja Deklaracio''), is a historic document that establishes several important premises for the Esperanto movement. The Declaration was written by L. L. Zamenhof and ratified in 1905 by the attendees of the first World Esperanto Congress, held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Content The Declaration of Boulogne consists of an introduction and five points. In the introduction, Zamenhof clarifies that the five points of the Declaration are necessary to establish because many people misunderstand the nature of the Esperanto movement. The five points are largely in response to these widely held misconceptions. # Esperantism is a movement that supports the introduction of an international auxiliary language An international auxiliary language (sometimes acronymized as IAL or contracted as auxlang) is a language meant for communication ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fundamento De Esperanto
''Fundamento de Esperanto'' (English: ''Foundation of Esperanto'') is a 1905 book by L. L. Zamenhof, in which the author explains the basic grammar rules and vocabulary that constitute the basis of the constructed language Esperanto. On August 9, 1905, it was made the only obligatory authority over the language by the Declaration of Boulogne at the first World Esperanto Congress. Much of the content of the book is a reproduction of content from Zamenhof's earlier works, particularly ''Unua Libro''. Content ''Fundamento de Esperanto'' consists of four parts: a foreword, a grammar section, a collection of exercises, and a dictionary. With the exception of the foreword, almost everything in the ''Fundamento'' comes directly from Zamenhof's earlier works, primarily ''Unua Libro''. Esperanto, however, underwent a minor change in 1888 in '' Aldono al la Dua Libro'', in which Zamenhof changed the ending of the temporal correlatives (''when'', ''then'', ''always'', ''sometimes'', ''nev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Esperantisto
''La Esperantisto'' (English: ''The Esperantist''), stylised as ''La Esperantisto.'', was the first Esperanto periodical, published from 1889 to 1895. L. L. Zamenhof started it in order to provide reading material for the then-nascent Esperanto community. Its original publisher was Christian Schmidt, president of the Nuremberg International Language Club, the first Esperanto club. Later, it was published by Wilhelm Trompeter, a major financial backer of the early Esperanto movement. History L. L. Zamenhof first introduced Esperanto to the public in 1887 with the publication of ''Unua Libro'', followed by '' Dua Libro'' in 1888. He began to receive letters from individuals expressing interest in the project, prompting him to provide reading material for the nascent Esperanto community. He first attempted to publish a weekly newspaper for this purpose in 1888 titled ''La Internaciulo'' (''The Internationalist''), but he failed to find a publisher. After modifying his idea to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
