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Ossetian Military Road
The Ossetian Military Road (russian: Военно-Осетинская дорога, ka, ოსეთის სამხედრო გზა) was constructed between 1854 and 1889, by the Russian Empire in the Caucasus. The road runs through the Rioni and Ardon river valleys and links Kutaisi (Georgia) with Alagir (Russia), crossing the Greater Caucasus crest through the Mamison Pass (Kutaisi-Alpana-Mamison road) at . The long route is seldom used today, having been supplanted by the 1971-1981 construction of the Transcaucasian Highway, which crosses the Caucasus range via the Roki Tunnel. Alternative crossings include the Georgian Military Road, which crosses the Jvari Pass at . References “The Ossetian Military Road”in: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05: Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. It is currently directed by Jennifer Crewe (2014–present) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately , it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity. From the 10th–17th centuries, the land ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roki Tunnel
The Roki Tunnel (also called Roksky Tunnel, ka, როკის გვირაბი; ; russian: Рокский туннель) is a mountain tunnel of the Transkam road through the Greater Caucasus Mountains, north of the village Upper Roka. It is the only road joining North Ossetia–Alania in Russia into South Ossetia, a breakaway republic of Georgia. The road is manned at the town of in North Ossetia and is sometimes referred to as the Roki-Nizhny Zaramag border crossing. The tunnel, completed by the Soviet government in 1984, is one of only a handful of routes that cross the North Caucasus Range. It is at about altitude and its length is , and near the Roki Pass at about altitude, which can only be used in summer. The other routes between Georgia and Russia include the Kazbegi– Verkhni Lars customs checkpoint on the Georgian Military Road, closed June 2006 and reopened 2010, and the Gantiadi– Adler crossing in Abkhazia which Georgia asserts functions illegally. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transport In North Ossetia–Alania
Transport (in British English), or transportation (in American English), is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport enables human trade, which is essential for the development of civilizations. Transport infrastructure consists of both fixed installations, including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Means of transport are any of the different kinds of transport facilities used to carry people or cargo. They may include vehicles, riding animals, and pack animals. Vehicles may inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roads In Georgia (country)
Georgia's road network plays an important role in both domestic and international traffic with the four neighboring countries. This is expressed in the road numbering system. The country has a network of 13 internationally oriented trunk highways that connect the capital Tbilisi, home to about a third of the national population, with its four neighboring countries. This is also the backbone of a network of domestic oriented national roads connecting vital regions with each other. The total length of the road network is approximately according to 2021 numbers. Only a limited number of these are express roads or motorways which are in good condition. The quality of the other roads varies greatly. Signposts are in both Georgian and Latin script, but the road number prefix is always in Georgian script. European E-routes are indicated on the signposts while Asian AH roads are not. Numbering The road numbering in Georgia consists of three layers: roads of "international" (Georg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roads In Russia
Russian federal highways ( rus, автомобильные дороги федерального значения Российской Федерации, r=avtomobil’nyye dorogi federal’nogo znacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii; lit. ''highways of federal importance of the Russian Federation'') are the most important highways in Russia that are federal property. The following motorways are designated as federal. A Russian decree of December 24 1991 about the list of federal highways (), with subsequent amendments by the |
Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. It is currently directed by Jennifer Crewe (2014–present) and publishes titles in the humanities and sciences, including the fields of literary and cultural studies, history, social work, sociology, religion, film, and international studies. History Founded in May 1893, In 1933 the first four volumes of the ''History of the State of New York'' were published. In early 1940s revenues rises, partially thanks to the ''Encyclopedia'' and the government's purchase of 12,500 copies for use by the military. Columbia University Press is notable for publishing reference works, such as ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (1935–present), ''The Columbia Granger's Index to Poetry'' (online as ''The Columbia World of Poetry Online'') and ''The Columbia Gazetteer of the World'' (also online) and for publishing music. First among American university presses to publish in electronic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Columbia Encyclopedia
The ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' is a one-volume encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and, in the last edition, sold by the Gale Group. First published in 1935, and continuing its relationship with Columbia University, the encyclopedia underwent major revisions in 1950 and 1963; the current edition is the sixth, printed in 2000. It contains over 51,000 articles totaling some 6.5 million words and has also been published in two volumes. An electronic version of the encyclopedia is available, and the ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' is licensed by several different companies for use over the Internet. See also *''Lincoln Library of Essential Information'' * Lists of encyclopedias For lists of encyclopedias, see: * List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge * List of encyclopedias by date * List of encyclopedias by language * List of online encyclopedias See also * Bibliography of encyclopedias * List of almanacs * ... * List of online encyclopedias References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mamison 5
Mamison Pass ( ka, მამისონის უღელტეხილი, os, Мамысоны æфцæг amysony æfcæg russian: Мамисонский перевал) is a high mountainous pass in the central Greater Caucasus crest, on the Georgian-Russian border. It is crossed by the Ossetian Military Road, a highway that links Kutaisi (Georgia) with Alagir ( North Ossetia, Russian Federation). Its peak is 2,911 m. References Map Mamison Pass K-38-40 (1988)in: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05: Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. It is currently directed by Jennifer Crewe (2014–present) and publishes titles in the humanities and sciences, including the fiel .... Meteostation photo Roads in Georgia (country) Geography of the Caucasus Mountain passes of Georgia (country) Mountain passes of Russia {{Georgia-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jvari Pass
The Georgian Military Road or Georgian Military Highway (, 'sakartvelos samkhedro gza'' , os, Арвыкомы фæндаг 'Arvykomy fændag'' is the historic name for a major route through the Caucasus from Georgia to Russia. Alternative routes across the mountains include the Ossetian Military Road and the Transcaucasian Highway. Route The Georgian Military Road runs for between Tbilisi (Georgia) and Vladikavkaz (Russia) and follows the traditional route used by invaders and traders throughout the ages. From Vladikavkaz, the road stretches southwards up the valley of the Terek before passing through the Darial Gorge (which marks the border between Russia and Georgia). It then passes Mount Kazbek and Gergeti Trinity Church before heading south-west through the Georgian region of Khevi to the Jvari Pass, where it reaches its maximum altitude of (). Not long after the pass the road passes the Russia–Georgia Friendship Monument, a large concrete monument built in 1983 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgian Military Road
The Georgian Military Road or Georgian Military Highway (, 'sakartvelos samkhedro gza'' , os, Арвыкомы фæндаг 'Arvykomy fændag'' is the historic name for a major route through the Caucasus from Georgia to Russia. Alternative routes across the mountains include the Ossetian Military Road and the Transcaucasian Highway. Route The Georgian Military Road runs for between Tbilisi (Georgia) and Vladikavkaz (Russia) and follows the traditional route used by invaders and traders throughout the ages. From Vladikavkaz, the road stretches southwards up the valley of the Terek before passing through the Darial Gorge (which marks the border between Russia and Georgia). It then passes Mount Kazbek and Gergeti Trinity Church before heading south-west through the Georgian region of Khevi to the Jvari Pass, where it reaches its maximum altitude of (). Not long after the pass the road passes the Russia–Georgia Friendship Monument, a large concrete monument built in 1983 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transcaucasian Highway
The Transcaucasian Highway (russian: Транскавказская автомагистраль) or TransKAM (ТрансКАМ) is a mountain highway in the South Caucasus region, connecting southern Russia and Georgia. Geography As the A164 highway, it crosses the Greater Caucasus mountain range through the Roki Tunnel, connecting North Ossetia–Alania and Russia with South Ossetia and Georgia. In the winter months the road is often closed due to the danger of avalanches. In Georgia, the highway begins in Gori as S10 highway. It then crosses to Russia through the Roki Tunnel as road A164 to Alagir. History It was built by the Soviet Union (USSR) between 1971 and 1986, as an alternative to the older Georgian Military Road and Ossetian Military Road, to connect the USSR and the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Since the breakaway of South Ossetia from Georgia in August 2008, crossing from Georgia to South Ossetia at Tskhinvali Tskhinvali ( ka, ცხინვალი ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically been considered as a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Mount Elbrus in Russia, Europe's highest mountain, is situated in the Western Caucasus. On the southern side, the Lesser Caucasus includes the Javakheti Plateau and the Armenian highlands, part of which is in Turkey. The Caucasus is divided into the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, although the Western Caucasus also exists as a distinct geographic space within the North Caucasus. The Greater Caucasus mountain range in the north is mostly shared by Russia and Georgia as well as the northernmost parts of Azerbaijan. The Lesser Caucasus mountain range in the south is occupied by several independent states, mostly by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, but also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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