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Operation Big Itch
Operation Big Itch was a U.S. entomological warfare field test using uninfected fleas to determine their coverage and survivability as a vector for biological agents. Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea. The tests were conducted at Dugway Proving Ground in 1954. Operation Operation Big Itch was a September 1954 series of tests at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. The tests were designed to determine coverage patterns and survivability of the tropical rat flea (''Xenopsylla cheopis'') for use in biological warfare as disease vector. The fleas used in these trials were not infected by any biological agent.Croddy, Eric and Wirtz, James J. ''Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History'',Google Books, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 304, (). The fleas were loaded into two types of munitions and dropped from the air. The E14 bomb and E23 bomb, which could be clustered into the E86 cluste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entomological Warfare
Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to interrupt supply lines by damaging crops, or to directly harm enemy combatants and civilian populations. There have been several programs which have attempted to institute this methodology; however, there has been limited application of entomological warfare against military or civilian targets, Japan being the only state known to have verifiably implemented the method against another state, namely the Chinese during World War II. However, EW was used more widely in antiquity, in order to repel sieges or cause economic harm to states. Research into EW was conducted during both World War II and the Cold War by numerous states such as the Soviet Union, United States, Germany and Canada. There have also been suggestions that it could be implemented by non-state actors in a form of bioterrorism. Under the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention of 1972, use of insects to administer agents or toxins for ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cluster Bomb
A cluster munition is a form of air-dropped or ground-launched explosive weapon that releases or ejects smaller submunitions. Commonly, this is a cluster bomb that ejects explosive bomblets that are designed to kill personnel and destroy vehicles. Other cluster munitions are designed to destroy runways or electric power transmission lines, disperse chemical or biological weapons, or to scatter land mines. Some submunition-based weapons can disperse non-munitions, such as leaflets. Because cluster bombs release many small bomblets over a wide area, they pose risks to civilians both during attacks and afterwards. Unexploded bomblets can kill or maim civilians and/or unintended targets long after a conflict has ended, and are costly to locate and remove. Cluster munitions are prohibited for those nations that ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions, adopted in Dublin, Ireland, in May 2008. The Convention entered into force and became binding international law upon ratifyi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Biological Weapons Program
The United States biological weapons program officially began in spring 1943 on orders from U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt. Research continued following World War II as the U.S. built up a large stockpile of biological agents and weapons. Over the course of its 27-year history, the program weaponized and stockpiled the following seven bio-agents (and pursued basic research on many more): *''Bacillus anthracis'' (anthrax) *''Francisella tularensis'' (tularemia) *''Brucella'' spp (brucellosis) *''Coxiella burnetii'' (Q-fever) *Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus *Botulinum toxin (botulism) *Staphylococcal enterotoxin B Throughout its history, the U.S. bioweapons program was secret. It was later revealed that laboratory and field testing (some of the latter using simulants on non-consenting individuals) had been common. The official policy of the United States was first to deter the use of bio-weapons against U.S. forces and secondarily to retaliate if deterrence failed. In 1969, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation May Day
Operation May Day was a series of entomological warfare (EW) tests conducted by the U.S. military in Savannah, Georgia in 1956. Operation Operation May Day involved a series of EW tests from April to November 1956. The tests were designed to reveal information about the dispersal of yellow fever mosquitoes in an urban area. The mosquitoes were released from ground level in Savannah, Georgia and then recovered using traps baited with dry ice. The operation was detailed in a partially declassified U.S. Army report in 1981.Rose, William H.An Evaluation of Entomological Warfare as a Potential Danger to the United States and European NATO Nations, U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, Dugway Proving Ground, March 1981, via '' thesmokinggun.com'', accessed December 25, 2008. See also *Human experimentation in the United States * Operation Big Buzz * Operation Big Itch * Operation Drop Kick References {{U.S. biological weapons May Day May Day May Day May Day May Day May Day is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Drop Kick
Operation Drop Kick was conducted between April and November 1956 by the US Army Chemical CorpsRose, William H.An Evaluation of Entomological Warfare as a Potential Danger to the United States and European NATO Nations, U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, Dugway Proving Ground, March 1981, via '' thesmokinggun.com'', accessed December 25, 2008 to test the practicality of employing mosquitoes to carry an entomological warfare agent in different ways. The Chemical Corps released uninfected female mosquitoes into a residential area of Savannah, Georgia, whose residents had agreed to participate in the project, and then estimated how many mosquitoes entered houses and bit people. Within a day, many reports of mosquito bites were received. In 1958, the Chemical Corps released 1,000,000 mosquitoes in Avon Park, Florida. These tests showed that mosquitoes could be spread by means of various devices. The 1964 movie ''Dr. Strangelove'' also refers to an Operation Drop Kick. The TV serie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Big Buzz
Operation Big Buzz was a U.S. military entomological warfare field test conducted in the U.S. state of Georgia in 1955. The tests involved dispersing over 300,000 mosquitoes from aircraft and through ground dispersal methods. Operation Operation Big Buzz occurred in June 1955 in the U.S. state of Georgia. The operation was a field test designed to determine the feasibility of producing, storing, loading into munitions, and dispersing from aircraft the yellow fever mosquito (though these were not infected for the test) (''Aedes aegypti''). The second goal of the operation was to determine whether the mosquitoes would survive their dispersion and seek meals on the ground. Around 330,000 uninfected mosquitoes were dropped from aircraft in E14 bombs and dispersed from the ground. In total about one million female mosquitoes were bred for the testing;Novick, Lloyd and Marr, John S. ''Public Health Issues Disaster Preparedness'',Google Books, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2001, p. 89, (). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thesmokinggun
The Smoking Gun is a website that posts legal documents, arrest records, and police mugshots on a daily basis. The intent is to bring to the public light information that is somewhat obscure or unreported by more mainstream media sources. Most of the site's content revolves around historical and current events, although it also features documents and photos relating to out-of-the-ordinary crimes and people. History The website was founded, in 1997, by William Bastone; his wife, Barbara Glauber, a graphic designer; and Daniel Green, a freelance journalist, formerly of ''The Village Voice'', and the son of Stephen L. Green. Most of The Smoking Gun's content is obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests to federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies, and from public records such as court documents. The site has used those requests to assemble a collection of mugshots of current and historical celebrities. The cable network truTV, formerly Court TV, purchased The Sm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Army Chemical Review
''Army Chemical Review'' is prepared twice a year by the United States Army Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) School and the Maneuver Support Center, Directorate of Training, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. This magazine presents professional information about the Army Chemical Corps functions related to CBRN Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence (CBRN defence) are protective measures taken in situations in which chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear warfare (including terrorism) hazards may be present. CBRN defence consi ..., smoke, flame, and civil support operations. The objectives of this magazine are to inform, motivate, increase knowledge, improve performance, and provide a forum for the exchange of idea United States Department of Defense agencies {{US-army-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Findarticles
''FindArticles'' was a website which provided access to articles previously published in over 3,000 magazines, newspapers, journals, business reports and other sources. The site offered free and paid content through the HighBeam Research database. In 2007, ''FindArticles'' accessed over 11 million resource articles, going back to 1998. As it grew, ''FindArticles'' moved away from an all-free model driven by advertising to a mixture of free and paid content. History 2000–2007: Founding and growth ''FindArticles'' was founded in 2000 as a partnership between LookSmart, which authored the search technology, and the Gale Group, which provided the articles for a fee. By early-August 2000, the ''FindArticles'' database contained more than 862,000 articles and by September 2000, the database contained more than 1 million articles. In September 2004, HighBeam Research announced that it would make 1 million premium articles from its database accessible via ''FindArticles''. By ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guinea Pig
The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus''), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy (), is a species of rodent belonging to the genus ''Cavia'' in the family Caviidae. Breeders tend to use the word ''cavy'' to describe the animal, while in scientific and laboratory contexts, it is far more commonly referred to by the common name ''guinea pig''. Despite their common name, guinea pigs are not native to Guinea, nor are they closely related biologically to pigs, and the origin of the name is still unclear. They originated in the Andes of South America. Studies based on biochemistry and hybridization suggest they are domesticated animals that do not exist naturally in the wild, descendants of a closely related cavy species such as '' C. tschudii''. They were originally domesticated as livestock for a source of meat, and are still consumed in some parts of the world. In Western society, the guinea pig has enjoyed widespread popularity as a pet since its introducti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E77 Bomb
The E77 balloon bomb was a U.S. anti-crop biological munition based on the design of Japanese fire balloons. The E77 used feathers as a vector to disseminate anti-crop agents from a hydrogen-filled balloon and was first developed in 1950. Background In the late stages of World War II, Japan employed thousands of incendiary and antipersonnel weapons via unmanned balloon, using some 9,300 of these devices, releasing them into the high altitude jet stream to travel over the Pacific Ocean to the North American mainland. The Japanese use of these balloon munitions inspired the E77, though no direct connection was made between the two.Whitby, Simon M. ''Biological Warfare Against Crops'',Google Books, Macmillan, 2002, pp. 157–67, (). History Development of the E77 balloon bomb began in 1950. The design of the E77 was based on the design for the World War II Japanese bomb and approved by the Army's Chemical Corps Technical Committee in April 1951. At time of its development the E77 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
