Open Vote Network

	Open Vote Network In cryptography, the open vote network (or OV-net) is a secure multi-party computation protocol to compute the boolean-count function: namely, given a set of binary values 0/1 in the input, compute the total count of ones without revealing each individual value. This protocol was proposed by Feng Hao, Peter Ryan, and Piotr Zieliński in 2010. It extends Hao and Zieliński's anonymous veto network protocol by allowing each participant to count the number of veto votes (i.e., input one in a boolean-OR function) while preserving the anonymity of those who have voted. The protocol can be generalized to support a wider range of inputs beyond just the binary values 0 and 1. Description All participants agree on a group \scriptstyle G with a generator \scriptstyle g of prime order \scriptstyle q in which the discrete logarithm problem is hard. For example, a Schnorr group can be used. Assume there are \scriptstyle n participants. Unlike other secure multi-party computation protocols that t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Anonymous Veto Network In cryptography, the anonymous veto network (or AV-net) is a multi-party secure computation protocol to compute the boolean-OR function. It was first proposed by Feng Hao and Piotr Zieliński in 2006. This protocol presents an efficient solution to the Dining cryptographers problem. A related protocol that securely computes a boolean-count function is open vote network (or OV-net). Description All participants agree on a group \scriptstyle G with a generator \scriptstyle g of prime order \scriptstyle q in which the discrete logarithm problem is hard. For example, a Schnorr group can be used. For a group of \scriptstyle n participants, the protocol executes in two rounds. Round 1: each participant \scriptstyle i selects a random value \scriptstyle x_i \,\in_R\, \mathbb_q and publishes the ephemeral public key \scriptstyle g^ together with a zero-knowledge proof for the proof of the exponent \scriptstyle x_i. A detailed description of a method for such proofs is found in . After ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Schnorr Group A Schnorr group, proposed by Claus P. Schnorr, is a large prime-order subgroup of \mathbb_p^\times, the multiplicative group of integers modulo p for some prime p. To generate such a group, generate p, q, r such that :p = qr + 1 with p, q prime. Then choose any h in the range 1 < h < p until you find one such that : $h^r \not\equiv 1\;(\text\;p)$ . This value : $g = h^r\textp$ is a generator of a subgroup of $\mathbb_p^\times$ of order $q$ . Schnorr groups are useful in discrete log based cryptosystems including Schnorr signatures and [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Secure Multi-party Computation Secure multi-party computation (also known as secure computation, multi-party computation (MPC) or privacy-preserving computation) is a subfield of cryptography with the goal of creating methods for parties to jointly compute a function over their inputs while keeping those inputs private. Unlike traditional cryptographic tasks, where cryptography assures security and integrity of communication or storage and the adversary is outside the system of participants (an eavesdropper on the sender and receiver), the cryptography in this model protects participants' privacy from each other. The foundation for secure multi-party computation started in the late 1970s with the work on mental poker, cryptographic work that simulates game playing/computational tasks over distances without requiring a trusted third party. Note that traditionally, cryptography was about concealing content, while this new type of computation and protocol is about concealing partial information about data while comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Zero-knowledge Proof In cryptography, a zero-knowledge proof or zero-knowledge protocol is a method by which one party (the prover) can prove to another party (the verifier) that a given statement is true while the prover avoids conveying any additional information apart from the fact that the statement is indeed true. The essence of zero-knowledge proofs is that it is trivial to prove that one possesses knowledge of certain information by simply revealing it; the challenge is to prove such possession without revealing the information itself or any additional information. If proving a statement requires that the prover possess some secret information, then the verifier will not be able to prove the statement to anyone else without possessing the secret information. The statement being proved must include the assertion that the prover has such knowledge, but without including or transmitting the knowledge itself in the assertion. Otherwise, the statement would not be proved in zero-knowledge because it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Zero Knowledge Proof In cryptography, a zero-knowledge proof or zero-knowledge protocol is a method by which one party (the prover) can prove to another party (the verifier) that a given statement is true while the prover avoids conveying any additional information apart from the fact that the statement is indeed true. The essence of zero-knowledge proofs is that it is trivial to prove that one possesses knowledge of certain information by simply revealing it; the challenge is to prove such possession without revealing the information itself or any additional information. If proving a statement requires that the prover possess some secret information, then the verifier will not be able to prove the statement to anyone else without possessing the secret information. The statement being proved must include the assertion that the prover has such knowledge, but without including or transmitting the knowledge itself in the assertion. Otherwise, the statement would not be proved in zero-knowledge because it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Newcastle University Newcastle University (legally the University of Newcastle upon Tyne) is a UK public university, public research university based in Newcastle upon Tyne, North East England. It has overseas campuses in Singapore and Malaysia. The university is a red brick university and a member of the Russell Group, an association of research-intensive UK universities. The university finds its roots in the School of Medicine and Surgery (later the College of Medicine), established in 1834, and the Edward Fenwick Boyd#College of Physical Science, College of Physical Science (later renamed Armstrong College), founded in 1871. These two colleges came to form the larger division of the federal University of Durham, with the Durham Colleges forming the other. The Newcastle colleges merged to form King's College in 1937. In 1963, following an Act of Parliament, King's College became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. The university subdivides into three faculties: the Faculty of Humanities and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	The Economist ''The Economist'' is a British weekly newspaper printed in demitab format and published digitally. It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture. Based in London, the newspaper is owned by The Economist Group, with its core editorial offices in the United States, as well as across major cities in continental Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. In 2019, its average global print circulation was over 909,476; this, combined with its digital presence, runs to over 1.6 million. Across its social media platforms, it reaches an audience of 35 million, as of 2016. The newspaper has a prominent focus on data journalism and interpretive analysis over original reporting, to both criticism and acclaim. Founded in 1843, ''The Economist'' was first circulated by Scottish economist James Wilson to muster support for abolishing the British Corn Laws (1815–1846), a system of import tariffs. Over time, the newspaper's coverage expanded further into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Kaspersky Lab Kaspersky Lab (; Russian: Лаборатория Касперского, tr. ''Laboratoriya Kasperskogo'') is a Russian multinational cybersecurity and anti-virus provider headquartered in Moscow, Russia, and operated by a holding company in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1997 by Eugene Kaspersky, Natalya Kaspersky, and Alexey De-Monderik; Eugene Kaspersky is currently the CEO. Kaspersky Lab develops and sells antivirus, internet security, password management, endpoint security, and other cybersecurity products and services. Kaspersky expanded abroad from 2005 to 2010 and grew to $704 million in annual revenues by 2020, up 8% from 2016, though annual revenues were down 8% in North America due to U.S. government security concerns. As of 2016, the software has about 400 million users and has the largest market-share of cybersecurity software vendors in Europe. Kaspersky Lab ranks fourth in the global ranking of antivirus vendors by revenue. It was the first Russian company ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Public-key Cryptography Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. Key pairs are generated with cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions. Security of public-key cryptography depends on keeping the private key secret; the public key can be openly distributed without compromising security. In a public-key encryption system, anyone with a public key can encrypt a message, yielding a ciphertext, but only those who know the corresponding private key can decrypt the ciphertext to obtain the original message. For example, a journalist can publish the public key of an encryption key pair on a web site so that sources can send secret messages to the news organization in ciphertext. Only the journalist who knows the corresponding private key can decrypt the ciphertexts to obtain the sources' messages—an eavesdropp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]